2. The 3 main parts of The Circulatory system The Heart The Heart The Blood Vessels The Blood Vessels Blood Blood

5. The Heart Is a pump Is a pump Actually it is TWO pumps Actually it is TWO pumps One pump deals with blood to the lungs, the other pump deals with blood to the body. One pump deals with blood to the lungs, the other pump deals with blood to the body. Heart is made of Cardiac Muscle Heart is made of Cardiac Muscle The two sides are separated by a thick wall of muscle called the SEPTUM The two sides are separated by a thick wall of muscle called the SEPTUM The blood for the two pumps is kept separate in mammals. The blood for the two pumps is kept separate in mammals.

6. Septum

7. Fetal Heart circulation Because the fetus is not using its lungs, the blood is “shunted” between the right and left atria through a hole called the foramen ovale. This usually closes within the first days of birth. Because the fetus is not using its lungs, the blood is “shunted” between the right and left atria through a hole called the foramen ovale. This usually closes within the first days of birth. Babies who do not have the foramen ovale closed are born with a “hole in the heart” Babies who do not have the foramen ovale closed are born with a “hole in the heart”

9. Structure of the Heart. Four chambers, 2 upper called ATRIA Four chambers, 2 upper called ATRIA & 2 lower called VENTRICLES & 2 lower called VENTRICLES The Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava. The Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava. The Left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the Pulmonary veins The Left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the Pulmonary veins

11. Valves of the Heart Between the right atria and right ventricle is the TRICUSPID valve Between the right atria and right ventricle is the TRICUSPID valve Between the left atria and left ventricle is the MITRAL valve. Between the left atria and left ventricle is the MITRAL valve. SEMILUNAR valves are found at the base of the PULMONARY artery and AORTA. SEMILUNAR valves are found at the base of the PULMONARY artery and AORTA. The purpose of the valves is to prevent blood flowing backwards. The purpose of the valves is to prevent blood flowing backwards. Leaking of these valves can result in a heart murmur Leaking of these valves can result in a heart murmur Watch the heart valves at this link http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.php?moduleSelect=an atom http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.php?moduleSelect=an atom http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.php?moduleSelect=an atom http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.php?moduleSelect=an atom

13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEWjOC VEN7M Path of Blood in heart

14. (tricuspid valve) (Pulmonary valve) (Mitral valve) (Aortic valve)

15. http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/table22-3_blood_flow_th.jpg

16. Cardiac Cycle - Heart Beat. Phase 1 SYSTOLE – Contraction Phase 1 SYSTOLE – Contraction Occurs when the Ventricles contract, closing the AV Valves and opening the SL Valves to pump blood into two major vessels leaving the heart. Occurs when the Ventricles contract, closing the AV Valves and opening the SL Valves to pump blood into two major vessels leaving the heart. Phase 2 DIASTOLE – Relaxation Phase 2 DIASTOLE – Relaxation Occurs when the Ventricles relax, allowing the back pressure of the blood to close SL Valves and opening AV valves. Occurs when the Ventricles relax, allowing the back pressure of the blood to close SL Valves and opening AV valves.

17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLTdgrhpDCg

18. Your blood pressure is recorded as two numbers. The systolic blood pressure (the “upper” number) tells how much pressure blood is exerting against your artery walls while the heart is pumping blood. The diastolic blood pressure (the “lower” number) tells how much pressure blood is exerting against your artery walls while the heart is resting between beats.

19. Atrial Systole Ventricular Systole Ventricular Diastole

21. Blood pressure activity

22. Cardiac Output & Fitness Like all muscles, the heart needs exercise Like all muscles, the heart needs exercise The volume of blood pumped out by the heart is known as the CARDIAC OUTPUT. The volume of blood pumped out by the heart is known as the CARDIAC OUTPUT. Factors that affect cardiac output are heart rate and stroke volume Factors that affect cardiac output are heart rate and stroke volume Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle - to the body) during each contraction measured in mL/beat (milliliters per beat).

23. Average person data Stroke volume = 70mL Stroke volume = 70mL Heart rate = 70 beats/minute Heart rate = 70 beats/minute Cardiac cycle = 70mL X 70beats/min Cardiac cycle = 70mL X 70beats/min = 4900mL/min = 4900mL/min There is a correlation between heart health and fitness There is a correlation between heart health and fitness

24. Relationship between stroke volume, heart rate & and cardiac output IndividualCardiac output Stroke Volume mL/beat Heart Rate Beats/min A490070 B49005098 C490014035 D980070140 C is exceptionally fit has a high stroke volume and maintain a low hear rate. B is less fit Regular cardiovascular exercise increases the resting stroke volume. Fitness is measured by how quickly the heart rate returns to the resting rate before exercise began.

25. Pulse activity

27. Types of Blood Vessels Arteries Arteries -Carry blood away from the Heart -Carry blood away from the Heart -The Aorta is the largest artery -The Aorta is the largest artery Veins Veins -Carry blood to the Heart -Carry blood to the Heart -Veins contain valves -Veins contain valves -The Vena Cava is the largest vein -The Vena Cava is the largest vein Capillaries Capillaries -Known as the “Distribution Pipes” -Known as the “Distribution Pipes”

28. Arteries Thick, muscular, hollow tubes which are highly ELASTIC – – allows them to DILATE (widen) and CONSTRICT (narrow) as blood is forced down them by the heart Arteries branch and re-branch, becoming smaller until they become small ARTERIOLES which are even more elastic. – –Arterioles force blood into the capillaries (high pressure).

29. Veins VENULES (very small veins) merge into VEINS which carry blood back to the heart (low pressure). The vein walls are similar to arteries but thinner and less elastic. Veins possess valves at intervals to prevent the backflow of blood as it moves against the force of gravity back to the heart.

30. CAPILLARIES Distribute the nutrients and oxygen to the body's tissues (blood pressure) and remove deoxygenated blood and waste by diffusion. They are extremely thin, the walls are only one cell thick and connect the arterioles with the venules (blood cells travel single-file). No cell in the body is more than 2 cells away from a capillary

33. Function of Blood Transport oxygen – oxyhemoglobin Transport oxygen – oxyhemoglobin Transport nutrients: - glucose, amino acids, Transport nutrients: - glucose, amino acids, Transport wastes – CO 2, urea, water Transport wastes – CO 2, urea, water Transport hormones – adrenalin, sex hormones etc. Transport hormones – adrenalin, sex hormones etc. Transport heat Transport heat Clotting during injury Clotting during injury Provide immune response: - white blood cells Provide immune response: - white blood cells

34. Blood is made up of: Plasma

35. Blood is made up of: Cells

36. The Composition of Blood The Plasma (Fluid) makes up 55%- 60% of the blood volume. The Plasma (Fluid) makes up 55%- 60% of the blood volume. The Solids (Cells) make up 40%- 45% of the blood volume. The Solids (Cells) make up 40%- 45% of the blood volume.

38. ERYTHROCYTES (red cells) Made in the Bone Marrow and destroyed in the Spleen. Made in the Bone Marrow and destroyed in the Spleen. Live for about 120 days Live for about 120 days Contain Hemoglobin Contain Hemoglobin (transports oxygen to body and CO2 to lungs) Are Bi-concave discs Are Bi-concave discs Have no nucleus Have no nucleus

39. Liver or Kidney disease causes RBC to be damaged or destroyed Your normal RED BLOOD CELL COUNT or Hb is between 12 and 14, (some hospitals measure this as 120 to 140, both are correct, just different units used).

40. LEUKOCYTES (white cells) Help the body fight bacteria and infection. Help the body fight bacteria and infection.

41. THROMBOCYTES (platelets) Your normal PLATELET COUNT is between 150 and 400 (Which is actually 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimetre of blood!!!) Your normal PLATELET COUNT is between 150 and 400 (Which is actually 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimetre of blood!!!) Platelets… are made in the bone Platelets… are made in the bone marrow marrow Concerned with blood clotting. Concerned with blood clotting. Circulate in the blood for about 10 days then die. Circulate in the blood for about 10 days then die.

44. How much blood is in the average person? Enough to fill one or two one-gallon milk jugs. Enough to fill one or two one-gallon milk jugs. Blood accounts for about seven percent of human body weight, and its density is only slightly more than that of pure water. Blood accounts for about seven percent of human body weight, and its density is only slightly more than that of pure water.

45. A man weighing 154 pounds (70 kilograms) would have about 5.5 quarts (5.2 liters) of blood. A man weighing 154 pounds (70 kilograms) would have about 5.5 quarts (5.2 liters) of blood. A woman weighing 110 pounds (50 kilograms) would have about 3.5 quarts (3.3 liters) of blood. A woman weighing 110 pounds (50 kilograms) would have about 3.5 quarts (3.3 liters) of blood.

46. How much blood can a human lose? An adult human can lose 10-15% without clinical damage. An adult human can lose 10-15% without clinical damage. If one loses 30% it can be fatal (haermorraghic [shock due to loss of blood]). If one loses 30% it can be fatal (haermorraghic [shock due to loss of blood]).

47. An "average" adult male has some 5 litres of blood. An "average" adult male has some 5 litres of blood. Sudden loss of 1/3 of his blood can be fatal. Sudden loss of 1/3 of his blood can be fatal. However if the lose rate is slow (say: 24 hours) he can lose as much as 2/3 of the blood with much risk (well documented). However if the lose rate is slow (say: 24 hours) he can lose as much as 2/3 of the blood with much risk (well documented).

48. So it's not only the amount of blood that one is losing but, the rate one loses it. It's also a matter of maintaining the blood pressure. So it's not only the amount of blood that one is losing but, the rate one loses it. It's also a matter of maintaining the blood pressure.

49. Interesting.... In one day, your blood travels nearly 12,000 miles. In one day, your blood travels nearly 12,000 miles. Your heart beats around 35 million times per year. Your heart beats around 35 million times per year. Your heart pumps a million barrels of blood during the average lifetime -- enough to fill three supertankers. Your heart pumps a million barrels of blood during the average lifetime -- enough to fill three supertankers.

50. Vascular System Problems Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Varicose veins Anemia

51. Aneurysm A fluid-filled bulge found in the weakened wall of an artery which may eventually rupture and lead to cell death (common cause of strokes)

52. Arteriosclerosis Degeneration of blood vessel due to accumulation of fat deposits along the inner wall.

53. Atherosclerosis Blood vessels thicken, harden, wind, and lose their elasticity

54. Varicose Veins Weakening of the veins that causes blood to pool and vessels to bulge.

55. Sickle Cell disease – RBC are not round but sickle shaped, (genetic mutation for assisting in Malaria prevention) results in blood cells being destroyed prematurely. Sickle Cell disease – RBC are not round but sickle shaped, (genetic mutation for assisting in Malaria prevention) results in blood cells being destroyed prematurely. More commonly associated with people of African decent. More commonly associated with people of African decent.

56. Anemia Reduction of blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production Normal Low Iron