1. Overview of Poetic Elements Part II

2. 5 More Poetic Elements ► Symbol ► Paradox ► Overstatement (hyperbole) ► Understatement ► Irony  Verbal  Dramatic  Situation

3. Figurative Language Part II Symbol ► Symbol: Something that means more than what it is.  Image: means what it is—”A shaggy brown dog was rubbing its back against a white picket fence.”  Metaphor: means something other than what it is—”Some dirty dog stole my wallet.”  Symbol: means what it is and something more, too—You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.”

4. ► “The Road Not Taken” (p. 734) is an example of the use of symbol.  The literal meaning describes an experience by a traveler in a wood.  The symbolic meaning describes any major choice in life and the feelings surrounding it.

5. Other Poems Which Use Symbol ► Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost (p. 793) ► “To the Virgins to Make Much of Time” by Robert Herrick (p. 742) ► “Fire and Ice” by Robert Frost (p. 746) ► “The Writer” by Richard Wilbur (p. 751) ► “Because I could not stop for Death” by Emily Dickinson (p. 752)

6. Paradox ► An apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true

7. Examples of Paradox ► “Much Madness is Divinest Sense” by Emily Dickinson (p. 757) ► “Batter my heart, three-personed God” by John Donne (p. 766)  “Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me.” ► “A Considerable Speck” by Robert Frost (p. 771)  Also employs the use of irony

8. Overstatement/Understatement ► hyperbole = exaggeration ► Understatement = saying less than one means ► Examples of hyperbole:  “The Road Not Taken” (p. 734) ► “I shall be telling this ages and ages hence”  “Incident” by Countee Cullen (p. 769) ► “That’s all that I remember”

9. More Examples of Overstatement/Understatement ► “Fire and Ice” by Robert Frost (p.746)  “for destruction/ice is also great/and will suffice”  Understatement ► “Sorting Laundry” by Elisavietta Ritchie (p. 767)  Overstatement: “a mountain of unsorted wash” ► “The Sun Rising” by John Donne (p. 759)  Overstatement  also employs extended use of apostrophe

10. Verbal Irony ► Saying the opposite of what one means  “To every woman a happy ending.” ► Example—”Barbie Doll” by Marge Piercy (p. 762)

11. Dramatic Irony ► Discrepancy between the speaker’s meaning and the poem’s meaning ► Example—”The Chimney Sweeper” by William Blake (p. 763)

12. Another Example of Dramatic Irony ► “My Last Duchess” by Robert Browning (p. 775)  Click on link for a full-screen version of the poem http://barney.gonzaga.edu/~jdavis6/poem.html

13. Irony of Situation ► Something unexpected happens  Ozymandias (p. 764)  Poem on next slide