1. Cryptography Lynn Ackler Southern Oregon University

2. Information Assurance Keep information in a known and trusted state that can be used appropriately.

3. NSA Information Security Model Confidentiality Integrity Availability Transmission Storage Processing Technology Policies Training Information States Critical Information Characteristics Security Measures

4. Cryptography – Introduction Chapter 1 Cryptography - Services –Confidentiality –Authentication –Integrity –Nonrepudiation

5. Encryption/Decryption Render text unreadable –Plaintext – message to be scrambled –Encryption – scrambling the message –Ciphertext – scrambled message –Decryption – unscrambling the ciphertext

6. Cryptography Art and science of encryption techniques Cryptographers Cryptanalysis Art and science of braking encryption Cryptanalysts Cryptology Branch of mathematics studing both cryptography and cryptanalysis

7. Encryption/Decryption Encryption Decryption PlaintextCiphertext Original Plaintext M E(M) = CD(C) = M CM D(E(M)) = M

8. Keys (Magic decoder rings) Secrecy by obscurity Secret algorithm Secrecy via a secret Keys, usually a number kept secret Algorithm is public and studied Keyspace Set of all possible keys Should be big

9. Symmetric Key Cryptography Key to encrypt is the same as to decrypt Usually very fast Problem is to distribute the key Block ciphers/algorithms Stream ciphers/algorithms

10. Encryption/Decryption Encryption Decryption Plaintext Ciphertext Original Plaintext M E K (M) = CD K (C) = M CM D K (E K (M)) = M Key

11. Asymmetric Key Cryptography Key to encrypt is different from the key to decrypt Usually very slow Distribution is not a problem Block algorithm only

12. Encryption/Decryption Encryption Decryption Plaintext Ciphertext Original Plaintext M E K1 (M) = CD K2 (C) = M CM D K2 (E K1 (M)) = M Encryption Key Decryption Key

13. Public - Key Cryptography Two keys: –Public key –Private key If one is used to encrypt the other must be used to decrypt.

14. Cryptanalysis Break the encryption Attack: a cryptanalysis attempt Compromise: loss of a key

15. Standard Attacks Cryptanalytic attacks Ciphertext–only attack Known–plaintext attack Chosen–plaintetxt attack Adaptive–chosen–plaintext attack Chosen–ciphertext attacks Rubber–hose attack

16. Ciphertext-only Attack Ciphertext of several messages Same key, hopefully Same algorithm Goals Recover plaintext and/or key/keys Example: Encrypted hard drive

17. Known-plaintext Attack Plaintext and Ciphertext of several messages are known Same key, hopefully Same algorithm Goals Recover key/keys At least recover the next messasge Example A collection of e-mails

18. Chosen-plaintext Attack Plaintext and Ciphertext of several messages are known Can have ciphertext for any chosen plaintext Same key and algorithm Goals Recover the key At least recover the next message Example Encrypted bank deposits to your account

19. Chosen-ciphertext Attack Any Ciphertext can be decrypted Same key and algorithm Goals Recover the key Example Breaking a tamper proof crypto box

20. Rubber Hose Attack Uncooperative person Goals Recover the key Recover password Example Any one with a secret Technique Sex, Money and Pain

21. Security of Algorithms If the cost to break is greater than the value of the data, you are probably safe. Not always though. Seti at home

22. Categories of Breaks Total break Algorithm and key is deduced Global deduction An alternative algorithm is found Local deduction The plaintext is found for a single intercepted ciphertext Information deduction Format of plaintext, a few bits of the key, etc.

23. Security Levels Unconditionally secure One time pad Conditionally secure Brute force attack Computationally secure

24. Steganography Data hiding in plain sight. Often is not invariant under data compression.

25. Substitution Ciphers Alphabet substitution Monoalphabetic – letter for letter Homophonic – one or more for a letter Polygram – block for block Polyalphabetic – multiple simple substitutions Substitution algorithms Caeser Cipher – rotate n mod 26 Modulo arithmetic Lookup tables

26. Transposition Cipher Plaintext in rows Ciphertext from the columns t he quick brown f ox jumed over t he lazy dog Ciphertext: t hfteoh xeq ujliuacmz key d b d rooovgwe nr

27. Simple XOR XOR: '^' in C,  in mathematics 0  0 = 0 0  1 = 1 1  0 = 1 1  1 = 0 Note: a  0 = a a  a = 0 (a  b)  b = a

28. Simple XOR Encryption Key: K Messag: M Ciphertext: C = M  K Message: M = C  K = (M  K)  K = M  (K  K) = M

29. One-Time Pads The one time pad is a substitution cipher with a very very long random substitution key. Statistically it is perfectly secure.

30. One-Time Pads Problems The key must be a random sequence of characters. The pad can be used only once. Both parties must have the exact same pad. If one character is dropped everything afterward is lost.

31. One-Time Pads Uses Low bandwidth communication. Ultra secure communication. Forever secure.