1. Evolution FYOS Lecture 4

2. C and H 2 O for alien life!

3. Common characteristics of Life Biologists have identified at least six key features that appear to be shared by nearly all of living organisms on Earth. o Order o Reproduction o Growth and Development o Energy Utilization o Response o Evolutionary Adaptation

4. Characteristics of Life Biologists have identified at least six key features that appear to be shared by nearly all of living organisms on Earth. Order : all living organisms exhibit order in their internal structure. molecules in living cells are not scattered randomly but instead arranged in specific patterns to make cell structures. Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

5. Characteristics of Life Biologists have identified at least six key features that appear to be shared by most or all of living organisms on Earth. Order : all living organisms exhibit order in their internal structure. However, snow flakes, for example, show remarkable structures also. But, snow flakes are not alive! Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

6. Characteristics of Life Biologists have identified at least six key features that appear to be shared by most or all of living organisms on Earth. Order : all living organisms exhibit order in their internal structure. How about galaxies? Are they alive? Therefore, “order” is not sufficient condition for life. But, it is a necessary condition. Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

7. Characteristics of Life Reproduction: Organisms reproduce their own kind A single-celled organism (an amoeba) copying its genetic material (DNA) and dividing into two genetically identical cells. Mule, Tigon, Liger, Computer virus? Again, necessary condition, not sufficient! Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

8. Characteristics of Life Growth and Development : Living organisms grow and develop in patterns determined at least by heredity Growth and Development : Living organisms grow and develop in patterns determined at least by heredity Growing embryos of Costa Rican frog Heredity : passing on characteristics from one generation to next Wild fires, crystal? Again, necessary condition, not sufficient! Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

9. Characteristics of Life Energy Utilization: Living organisms use energy to fuel their activities Energy Utilization: Living organisms use energy to fuel their activities Tube worms near a deep sea volcanic vent. Car? Again, necessary condition, not sufficient! Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

10. Characteristics of Life Response: Living organisms actively responds to changes in its surroundings Response: Living organisms actively responds to changes in its surroundings A blacktail jackrabbit’s ears flush with blood, the blood automatically adjusted to maintain a constant internal temperature Mercury in a thermometer? Again, necessary condition, not sufficient! Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

11. Characteristics of Life Evolutionary Adaptation: Life evolves in a way to become adapted to its surrounding Evolutionary Adaptation: Life evolves in a way to become adapted to its surrounding white-tail ptarmigan white-tail ptarmigan Camo-moth Camo-moth counter example? Order Order Reproduction Reproduction Growth and Development Growth and Development Energy Utilization Energy Utilization Response Response Evolutionary Adaptation Evolutionary Adaptation

12. Evolutionary Adaptation 2 undeniable facts  an inescapable conclusion Heritable traits that enhance survival and reproduction will become progressively more common in succeeding generations! Charles Darwin (1858) Charles Darwin (1858) Natural Selection Overproduction  struggle for survival Individual variation An imaginary population of beetles of mixed color evolves into dark beetles.

13. DNA is the backbone of the Evolution! Replicating the whole ~3 billion bases for human DNA takes only a few hours About 1 wrong coupling in every ~1 billion bases!

14. Sickle-cell disease Just one base change in one gene (Adenine  Thymine) Just one base change in one gene (Adenine  Thymine) Most mutations are harmful, but occasional good mutations are being picked up by “natural selection” Most mutations are harmful, but occasional good mutations are being picked up by “natural selection”

15. Mutation About 1 replication error in billion chances About 1 replication error in billion chances o wrong base o deleted base o extra base o etc. Most of these errors have no effect Most of these errors have no effect Why? about 95% of human DNA bases are “non- coding DNA” Most significant change is from “deleted base”. Due to this “error”, every individual living organism differ each other. Due to this “error”, every individual living organism differ each other. Mutation = molecular engine of the evolutionary adaption! Mutation = molecular engine of the evolutionary adaption! Any change in the base sequence of DNA Any change in the base sequence of DNA

16. How did all these start in the beginning?

17. Organic Building Blocks

18. Miller-Urey Experiment Experiment to create amino acids (1953) methane hydrogen water ammonia the first experiment to test the theory about the evolution of prebiotic chemicals and the origin of life on Earth.

19. How did the DNA world get started? Human DNA contains about 12 billion molecules Human DNA contains about 12 billion molecules even a primitive virus has about 1 million molecules even a primitive virus has about 1 million molecules many viruses use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material many viruses use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material

20. DNA from the start? Typical RNAs have 20-30 nucleotides… Typical RNAs have 20-30 nucleotides… Some RNAs are known to be self-replicable Some RNAs are known to be self-replicable RNAs are sufficiently simple so that several types of them could have been created by “Miller-Urey”-type reactions. RNAs are sufficiently simple so that several types of them could have been created by “Miller-Urey”-type reactions. These RNAs were exposed to the natural selection These RNAs were exposed to the natural selection

21. Pre-cells Molecular evolution would have been much more efficient if RNA and other molecules are confined in a structure. Molecular evolution would have been much more efficient if RNA and other molecules are confined in a structure. o Increasing the rate of reaction o Isolating its content to facilitate natural selection among RNA molecules!  If no such enclosure, enzyme created by the best RNA can help other RNAs. Left: microscopic spheres made by cooling a warm solution of amino acids Right : microscopic membranes made from lipids mixed with water (instantaneously formed!)

22. RNA cell? Lipid pre-cell can form on the surface of clay! + Very high chance of making RNA on the surface of clay with membrane!! Right: lab experiment shows RNA strands (red) entrapped within a lipid pre-cell (green circle) made on the surface of clay! Right: lab experiment shows RNA strands (red) entrapped within a lipid pre-cell (green circle) made on the surface of clay!

23. Chemistry on the early Earth

24. 6 Presentations on Feb 15 Convergent evolution Convergent evolution o R. Shrestha o J. Hedley Human Evolution Human Evolution o E. Clendening o A. Breeden Panspermia Panspermia o Z. Rindik o C. Starlcup