1. Exploration and Colonization Chapter 3
Social Studies Grade 7
Exploration and Colonization
Chapter 3

2. An Era of Exploration Early voyages to Americas
Leif Ericson led Vikings to northern tip of N.A.
Settlement of Vinland not maintained
Polynesians may have traveled to N.A. in small fishing boats

3. Spain’s Exploration Route
Spain looked for route to Asian spice trade
Columbus, Italian, plans to reach Indies by sailing west across Atlantic
Financed by Queen Isabella/ King Ferdinand
1492 sails 3 ships: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
Columbus reached Caribbean, called West Indies
Columbus returns with tales of gold
Columbus named Admiral of Ocean Sea, given money for future voyages

4. Spanish Impact 1493 set up 1st Spanish colony, Hispaniola
Colony - a group of people who settle a distant land but are still ruled by their mother country
Columbus died in 1506 disgraced, still believing he reached Asia
Columbus’ 4 voyages marked turning point for Americas.
Turning point - a moment in history that marks a decisive change.

5. Spanish Exploration
1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed Isthmus of Panama becoming 1st Spanish explorer to see the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan was 1st to circumnavigate (sail completely around) the world.
Magellan was killed in the Philippines, his crew sailed on to Spain
Magellan’s voyage found an all-water route to Asia.
Europeans became aware of the true size of the Earth

6. The Columbian Exchange
The meeting of people from Eastern and Western Hemispheres began a global exchange of goods and ideas.
The Columbian Exchange included food, medicine, government, technology, arts, animals and language.
Tragically Europeans brought new diseases like smallpox and the flu which killed huge numbers of Native Americans who had no resistance

7. Columbian Exchange From From Europe to America America to Europe
Maize, tomatoes,
Squash, cocoa
Ideas of government
From
Europe to America
Wheat, guns,
Horses, cows
Diseases
Smallpox, flu

8. Spanish Conquistadors
Spanish Conquistadors, conquerors served for 3G’s: GOLD, GLORY AND GOD
Hernando Cortes heard of great wealth in Mexico and in 1519 conquers the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro sailed down the Pacific coast of SA and in 1535 conquered the Incan empire.
Reasons for Spanish victories:
Spanish had superior military equipment including armor and guns
Natives had never seen horses and were frightened by the mounted Spanish soldiers
Natives were afraid to fight for fear the Spanish were really gods
Natives were weak due to European diseases and many years of tribal fighting

9. Exploring the Spanish Borderlands
Borderlands are in present day US from California to Florida
Juan Ponce de Leon traveled through Florida in 1513 looking for the “fountain of youth” claiming Florida for Spain
Hernando De Soto explored parts of Florida and the Southeast from without finding gold but claiming land.
Francisco Coronado searched the southwest in the 1540’s. Looking for the “7 cities of gold”

10. New Spain Spanish king set up a strong system to govern his colonies.
American lands are divided into New Spain and Peru each with a viceroy in charge in his name.
3 kinds of settlements: pueblos, presidios, and missions.
Pueblos: towns are centers of farming and trade.
Presidios: forts where soldiers lived, 1st: St Augustine, Florida
Missions: religious settlements run by Catholic priests to spread Christianity, missions ran through the borderlands

11. Society in New Spain 4 classes of people:
Peninsulares – born in Spain held highest jobs and greatest wealth
Creoles – born in the Americas of Spanish parents, educated, owned farms and ranches
Mestizos – people of mixed Spanish and Indian parents, worked on farms and ranches
Indians – lowest class treated like slaves and kept in poverty

12. Colonizing North America
England, France and the Netherlands envied Spanish empire and wanted colonies of their own and to claim an all water route to the East.
They wanted to discover the Northwest Passage an all water route through North America
John Cabot and Italian sea captain sailing for England in search of Northwest Passage
Giovanni da Verrazano an Italian sea captain sailing for France search the NA coast from Carolinas to Canada in search of Northwest Passage.
Jacques Cartier exploring for France sailed up and claimed the St. Lawrence
Henry Hudson an English explorer sailed for the Dutch. He explored New York Harbor, up the Hudson River, north into the Hudson Bay

13. New France New France profited from fishing, trapping and trading
Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal, 1st permanent French settlement in NA.
1608 Champlain built Quebec, a trading post on St. Lawrence River.
-French were friendly with Native Americans, did not attempt to conquer Indians
French missionaries traveled with fur traders

14. French Exploration
French missionary, Fr Jacques Marquette and fur trader, Louis Joliet traveled the Mississippi River about 700 miles claiming all the land it drains for France.
Robert de La Salle traveled the entire Mississippi River claiming it for France, naming the territory Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
To protect territories the French built a string of forts
Fort Detroit near Lake Erie and New Orleans on the mouth of the river became busy trading centers.

15. New Netherlands
Peter Minuit led a group of Dutch settlers to mouth of the Hudson River
Bought Manhattan from Indians
Founded settlement of New Amsterdam
Colony extended the Hudson River as far as Fort Orange (Albany), known as New Netherlands (today’s New York)
New Sweden established along the Delaware River is later taken over by the Dutch

16. Early English Colonies
England seek riches
1585 Sir Walter Raleigh established 1st English colony in NA at Roanoke, an island off the coast of North Carolina.
Mysteriously colony of Roanoke disappears
1606, Virginia Company of London given a charter from King James I to settle colony in NA called Virginia.
Charter - legal document giving certain rights to a person or company.

17. Jamestown Founded 1607 on James River, named after king.
Challenges of Jamestown:
Located in swampy area
Water unhealthy
Mosquitoes spread malaria
Poor planning created starvation
Captain John Smith helped Jamestown survive – no work, no food
Economy: survived on cash crop, tobacco

18. Representative Government
To attract settlers English government took steps to form stable government in Virginia.
Male settlers elect burgesses, representatives to government.
Burgesses met in assembly called House of Burgesses, with governor made laws for colony
Beginning of representative government in English colonies

19. English Traditions People’s political rights rooted in English history
1215 Magna Carta signed, king could not raise taxes without consulting council of nobles and church leaders
Over time council grew into Parliament
In colonies free, white, male property owners could vote.

20. New Arrivals Women Wanted!
Virginia Company recruited women to come to the Virginia Colony
Women helped make the colony stable
Life was a struggle for women who did everything from scratch- food, clothing etc.
The 1st Africans
1619 Dutch brought 1st African slaves

21. Seeking Religious Freedom
Separatists faced religious persecution in England
Protestants want to separate from Church of England
Known as Pilgrims
Left England for Netherlands
Welcomed by Dutch, missed English ways
Return to England
1620 Pilgrims given charter for colony in NA
Sailed on Mayflower
1620 landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts

22. Plymouth Colony Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims land north of charter, rules not apply.
1620, Pilgrims sign Mayflower Compact
Mayflower Compact - written government making laws
Religious Freedom – Pilgrims 1st colonists in NA for religious freedom
William Bradford - colony’s 1st governor.
Native Americans helped Pilgrims survive.
Squanto spoke English taught them to plant corn and pumpkins
Pilgrims-thanks to God for harvest - Thanksgiving