1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Human Epidermis – Animal cells

3. Staphylococcus epidermis

4. Cardiac (heart) Muscle

5. Stems

6. Leaves

7. Amoeba proteus

8. Root tip

9. What are some similarities and differences that you observed by looking at a variety of cells?

10. Explain: Cells

11. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

12. Types of Cells
Two kinds of cells depending on whether they have a nucleus
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Genetic material

13. Prokaryotes Usually small and simple
Genetic material (DNA) is not contained in a nucleus
The ONLY prokaryotes in the world are BACTERIA.

14. Prokaryotic Cells

15. Eukaryotes Usually larger and more complex than prokaryotes.
May be unicellular like an amoeba or multicellular like a plant
Contain dozens of specialized structures called organelles.
Includes protists, fungi, plants and animals.

16. Eukaryotic cell structure
Two major parts:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm-portion of the cell outside the nucleus

17. Eukaryotic cells
Diatoms (algae)
Root tip
Neuron
Uterine cells

18. Nucleus-The control center
Function:
Contains almost all of the cell’s DNA for coding proteins and other molecules.
DNA is found on chromosomes which contain genetic information.

19. Nucleus-The control center
Structure:
Surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope. It is dotted with many pores (holes) to allow materials (RNA, proteins, etc) in and out of the nucleus.
Small internal region called a nucleolus where ribosomes are made.

20. Ribosomes Function: Structure: Site of protein assembly.
Small pieces of RNA and protein found throughout the cell.

21. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function:
Site where lipid parts of cell membrane are made, along with proteins and other materials to export from the cell.
Structure:
Rough ER- has ribosomes on surface to assemble proteins
Smooth ER-NO ribosomes on surface

22. Golgi Apparatus Function: Structure:
Modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release from the cell. It puts the finishing touches on proteins.
Structure:
Stack of closely packed membranes

23. You have 3 minutes to compare your notes with a neighbor
You have 3 minutes to compare your notes with a neighbor. Be sure to ask questions and fill in any blanks you may have in your notes at this time.

24. Lysosomes-The Clean Up Crew
Function:
Breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules to be used by the rest of the cell
Breakdown used up organelles
Get rid of all “stuff” in the cell
Structure:
Small, filled with enzymes

25. Vacuoles - Storage Function: Structure:
Stores water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Structure:
Sac-like
Plant cells have one large central vacuole
Animal cells have many small vacuoles

26. Mitochondria - Energy Function: Structure:
Convert chemical energy in food into materials easier for the cell to use.
Structure:
Enclosed by two membranes with the inner membrane folded up.
Contains it’s own DNA (unlike other organelles) that is identical to your mother’s!

27. Chloroplasts – Energy in Plants
Function:
Captures energy from the sun (solar energy) and changes it into food (chemical energy) for plants (photosynthesis)
Structure:
Surrounded by two membranes
Contains own genetic information like mitochondria
Contains green pigment called chlorophyll
Not found in animal cells!

28. With your neighbor, list similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts. Be prepared to share with the class.

29. Cytoskeleton- structure and support
Function:
Helps maintain cell shape
Helps with movement of the cell (i.e. flagella and cilia)
Structure:
Two types: microfilaments and microtubules

30. Cell Membrane Function: Structure:
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Provides protection and support
Structure:
Double membrane called a lipid bilayer
Flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings

31. Cell Wall Function: Structure:
Provides support and protection for the cell
Structure:
Lies outside the cell membrane
Found in plants, algae, fungi and many bacteria
NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS!

32. Individually, write down 3 differences between plant and animal cells.