1. GI Problems Among the Elderly
Chapter 13

2. Normal Elimination Frequency of BM varies with the individual
Range = Twice a day – Once every 2 days
Consistency = Soft, formed, brown
Always observe color, character, consistency

3. Factors Affecting BM Bed rest Inactivity Inadequate exercise
Inadequate fluid intake
Change in diet
Inability to chew food properly

4. GI Problems Constipation Fecal Impaction Straining to pass stool
Marble like stool
Fecal Impaction
Most serious form of constipation
Caused by retention of stool
Feces becomes hard & dry / Unable to pass
S&S = abd pain, bloating, flatulence

5. GI Problems Diarrhea Bowel Incontinence
Occurs when peristalsis is very fast
Causes dehydration
Bowel Incontinence
Involuntary BM
Caused by mental confusion, neurological disease, trauma
Skin exposed to fecal matter will breakdown quickly

6. Enemas
“Introducing fluid into the lower intestine to cleanse rectum & lower colon” Quizlet.com
Ordered by a doctor
Relieves constipation
Sims position is used when giving an enema

7. Types of Enemas Cleansing Enema Retention Enema
Removes feces from rectum & lower bowel
Stimulates peristalsis / Softens stool
Water based
Retention Enema
Soften hard stool
Lubricates the rectum
Oil based

8. Rules of Enemas Administer only with direction of LPN
Don’t give enema within 1 hr. after a meal
Temp. for water based should be 105F
Lubricate tip before inserting (insert 2 to 4 in.)
Enema in a bag should be raised 12 to 16 in. above rectum
Assist pt. to bathroom afterwards

9. Colostomy Surgical opening at the colon
Opening is called a stoma (bag is attached)
Observe the skin around the stoma
Redness
Skin breakdown
Irritation