1. Economic Geology 9. Mines & Yours

2. “If you can't grow it, it has to be mined”

3. Our rocky economy

4. Economic stones

5. Aggregates UK - 200-250 million tonnes/yr Railway ballast, iron and steel, agriculture Road building (~50%) Concrete (~50%)

6. Economic granite Very high compressive strength Dimension / armour stone Hard to carve Feldspar decomposes

7. The only geological sport

8. Economic dolerite Very strong Roadstone/aggregate

9. Slating the economy Wales: 15,000 men employed in 1890s

10. Economic sandstone Common, fairly strong Dimension / paving stone Weathers

11. Economic limestone Dimension stone Cement Aggregate

12. Dudley limestone

13. Fossil-fuelled furnaces

14. Yorkshire's Industrial Coast

15. Ironstones

16. Cleveland Ironstone Mines

17. Why Are The Ironstones There?

18. Fossilized Ropes?

19. Fossil shrimp burrows!

20. Shrimpy miners = human miners

21. Sediment-hosted minerals Bronze Age copper mine Great Orme, Llandudno

22. The origins of ores Magmatism – Fractionation / Immiscibility

23. The origins of ores Hydrothermal processes: – Brines – Metamorphic fluids Metamorphic shearing Sedimentary placers

24. Rare earths and renewables

25. Rare earth elements Not that rare Soft, malleable, metallic Conductive, magnetic

26. Shifting sources Global product

27. Fossil fuels Oil and gas

29. North Sea oil & gas

30. UK energy balance (Figure from DECC report)

31. Conventional / Unconventional

32. Britain for shale? Carboniferous NW England Jurassic SE England

33. The impact of power Vidal et al. - Nature Geoscience (2013)

34. The trajectory of demand Vidal et al. - Nature Geoscience (2013)

35. Next week: The Future Predictive Geology - Earthquakes - Tectonics - Climate + A Final Review