1. Production Contracts Dr Mike Brumm Brumm Swine Consultancy, Inc. North Mankato, MN mbrumm@hickorytech.net Blog: MNPork.com

2. The growth in contract production Census of Ag% of pigs in contract inventory 200233.8% 200739.0% 201241.1%

3. 2012 Census of Ag, Dec 1 Inventory State Total PigsIndependentIntegratorContract Grower % contract grower Iowa 20,455,6669,861,429791,3649,803,87347.9% N Carolina 8,901,4341,066,7522,058,8285,775,85464.9% Minnesota 7,606,7854,578,222190,1222,838,44137.3% Illinois 4,630,7963,359,98686,8291,183,98125.6% Indiana 3,729,7651,936,662107,2941,703,39645.7% Nebraska 2,984,4122,117,706262,031612,83920.5% Missouri 2,774,5971,640,4277,8191,126,35140.6% Oklahoma 2,304,740NA Ohio 2,058,503744,53267,2101,246,76160.6% Kansas 1,886,197738,146833,191314,86016.7% S Dakota 1,191,1621,041,180-149,98212.6% US 66,026,78533,222,8215,656,35527,147,60941.1%

4. 2012 Census of Ag, Dec 1 Inventory State % contract grower N Carolina64.9% Ohio60.6% Iowa47.9% Indiana45.7% Missouri40.6% Minn37.3% Illinois25.6% Nebraska20.5% Kansas16.7% S Dakota12.6% OklahomaNA US41.1%

6. Who offers production contracts? Production systems Investor Owner Groups Management Firms Feed Dealers

7. Typical Contracts Wean-Finish Nursery Grow-Finish Breed-wean (I won’t detail these in this presentation)

8. Typical Life of Contracts 1990’s 7 year contract $110/space curtain finisher $80/space nursery 2000-2005 10 year contract 2005+ 12-15 year contracts most common on new construction $225-240/space tunnel $180-200/space nursery

9. Payments Haven’t Changed Much Nursery – 3 ft 2 /pig pen space $30-34/pig space/yr$32 most common in Midwest Grow-Fin – 7.2 ft 2 /pig pen space $34-38/pig space/yr$36 most common in Midwest Starting to see a move to 7.5 ft 2 /pig – no change in $ Wean-Fin – 7.2 ft 2 /pig pen space $38-42/pig space/yr$40-42 most common Double stock bonus

10. Short Term Contract Options $/pig Placed and $/pig Sold Grow-fin$6/$6 (was $5/$5 but not much anymore) Nursery $2.50/$2.50 $14.40 per wean-finish pig sold Death loss impacts payment! Tend to be older facilities for short term use Often verbal arrangements

11. Other Payment Terms Tried $0.00 per lb total gain + $0.00/hd livability

12. Recent Contract Variation Pig owner furnishes Labor ‘Minor’ repairs Barn owner has the permit and responsible for ‘major’ maintenance Manure removal and land application Site upkeep Fuel/Electricity Dead pig compost materials Power washing between turns Grow-fin payment $28/space/yr

13. Wean-Finish ‘Tweaks’ $1-2/pig for overstock Pig owner pays base amount of propane (i.e. $2/space/yr) and contract grower remainder

14. Nursery ‘Tweaks’ Contract payment based on 7 wk turn If 6 wk - +$2.50/yr for higher utility expense If 8 wk - - $1.90/yr for lower utility expense

15. Bonus History Goal is to link payment to performance Reward low death loss, better feed conversion and faster growth Trend is to move away from bonus to flat payment Tough to compute

16. One Grow-Finish Bonus Schedule RankF:GADG% Mortality% Culls Top 20%$1.00$0.40 Next 20%$0.75$0.30 Next 20%$0.50$0.20 Next 20%$0.25$0.10 Bottom 20%$0 $/per head sold Each category paid separately All sales in 4 wk periods ranked

17. FTE Labor Estimates FTE = 45 hr/wk, 50 wks/yr Nursery6-8,000 pigs Grow-Fin10-12,000 pigs Wean-Fin8-10,000 pigs

18. What about energy bills? Northern Iowa – Southern Minnesota What’s Normal Nursery 1-1.2 kWh/space/month 2.2 gal propane/space/yr

19. What about energy bills? Northern Iowa – Southern Minnesota What’s Normal Wean-Finish Propane Tunnel - <2.5 gal/space/yr Curtain - <3 gal/space/yr Electric Tunnel – 3.0 kWh/space/month Curtain – 2.0 kWh/space/month Grow-Finish <0.5 gal propane/space/yr

20. Who Wants Pig Barns? Grain Farmers! Nitrogen $0.35/lb Phosphorus $0.45/lb P 2 O 5 Potash $0.49/lb K 2 O 50-35-25 analysis per 1000 gal manure typical Does the contract specify drinker type – nipple drinkers increase volume $0.0125-0.015/gal to inject $40-45/a @ 3000 gal/a Benefit (2014-15) $7-9/pig space net/yr from NPK wean-fin $10-12/pig space net/yr from NPK grow-fin Corn on corn yield increase often 5-10 bu/a

21. Who Wants Pig Barns Youth returning to agriculture

22. Risks Pig Owner Contract grower goes bankrupt Contract grower is a bad grower Refuses to heat barn correctly Doesn’t properly clean between turns Improper dead pig disposal becomes a health risk Contract Grower Pig owner goes bankrupt Barn sits empty – no manure produced Company employee’s overuse propane due to errors in controller settings Death loss due to negligence or ventilation failure

23. Insurance Policies Pig Owner Suffocation Insurance or Self Insured Contract Grower ‘Care, Custody and Control’ Policy vs General Farm Liability ‘CCC’ ~ $0.12-0.20/space/yr? Verify exclusions and coverage in policies Contract grower – proof of SOP adherence? Pig owner – SOP’s approved by insurance carrier? What about clean up/disposal costs?

24. Iowa Pork Pork Producers Assn Eldon McAfee, attorney McAfee recommends that contract growers carefully review their insurance policies with their insurance agents and attorney to make sure that there are no other policy exclusions that negate any contract feeding coverage. “Growers should get written assurance from their insurance company that they are covered for pig death losses, particularly losses due to suffocation.”

25. Insurance Requirements Does contract require pig owner named as co-loss payee? Does contract specify minimum coverages? Liability Building loss/replacement value

26. Sort and Load Responsibilities Who identifies market ready pigs? If producer – does the contract define sort loss? If sort loss penalty in contract – what is the standard and penalty?

27. Sort Loss Language Grower shall be responsible for sort loss, which shall mean grower’s failure to load for market shipment those pigs marked by xxxxx’s service persons, provided, however that if xxxxx fails to identify pigs for market shipment, grower has no liability.

28. Sort Loss Language Grower shall be liable for wean-finish pig death or production of nonstandard pigs (pigs less than 240 lb at closeout) which are attributable to grower’s neglect, failure to act, improper management and supervision, lack of proper husbandry or misconduct. Grower neglect or misconduct will not be deemed to have occurred when excluded pigs are caused by factors not under grower’s control. The value shall be determined by …….

29. Questions to Ask What about vaccination labor? In grow-fin generally paid extra Part of nursery labor (1x injection) What about injection labor in sickness? Generally paid by pig owner Who pays for injection equipment?

30. Questions to Ask What are the dead pig disposal requirements? If rendering – dead box requirements? What are the daily/weekly/monthly record requirements? Who is responsible for feed orders? If grower installs bin scales, pig owner orders feed Scale cost shared 50/50? Who pays for bin vac if feed in bin at end of turn?

31. Questions to Ask What is the guaranteed minimum open days between turns? 4 typical for grow-fin Who is responsible for ventilation controller settings? Is grower required to be on-site during supervisor visits?

32. Questions to Ask Who grades pigs at arrival and determines rejects?

33. Questions to Ask Does it cash flow without the bonus? If there is a bonus – basis for computation? Feed conversion Is it adjusted for ingredients? 12 wk peer group comparison? Daily Gain 12 wk peer group comparison? Regional group comparison Sort Loss How is sort loss determined? Is the payment schedule defined in the contract?

34. What about Penalties Basis for computation How collected?

35. Dispute Resolution Mandatory arbitration or lawsuit? What jurisdiction?

36. Force Majeure What are the conditions defined in the contract for this to apply? Typical Fire, flood, storms or other acts of god

37. Liens Iowa allows contract grower to file a lien on pig owner to assure payment Other states?

38. Contract Renewal 6 month notice or automatic renewal? How long is automatic for? What about renovation requirements?

39. Financing Are cash flow projections only or are they based on actual history of other sites? Has pig owner already lined up lending agency or does grower locate lender?

40. What about inventory variances? Inventory errors are common When does grower become responsible for payment of missing (?) pigs?

41. Start-up Payments When do you get the first check on new construction? How is first payment determined? What if barn is ready but no pigs? What if pigs but barn not ready?

42. Payment Terms 4 weeks, monthly, quarterly or ? Paid to? Grower Co-pay to grower and lender

43. Home Use Pigs 1 free pig per grower barn per year selected from last sale group from barn Buy 1 pig per turn @ $0.30/lb live wt Other

44. GET IT IN WRITING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Verbal ‘assurances’ are meaningless in the event of a dispute! E-mail correspondence may support a dispute but not as good as signed contract language. Keep copies of email and written correspondence during contract development Written language in the signed contract is always first consideration in dispute resolution!

46. Production Contracts Dr Mike Brumm Brumm Swine Consultancy, Inc. North Mankato, MN mbrumm@hickorytech.net Blog: MNPork.com