1. Jacksonian Democracy, Sectionalism, & Nationalism Unit 4: The New Republic, Growth, and Reform (1789-1850)

2. 1. Why did Andrew Jackson appeal to the American people? He appealed to ordinary Americans because he was a war hero who presented himself as a “down to earth” common man from the Tennessee frontier.

3. 2. How much did participation in American elections increase between 1800 and 1840? America experienced an increase in Democracy during this era as many states rewrote their constitutions so any tax-paying, white male could vote. Some states also allowed presidential electors to be chosen by popular vote instead of by state legislatures. Voter participation grew from 30% to nearly 80% from 1800 – 1840.

4. 3. What was the “corrupt bargain” that determined the outcome of the 1824 presidential election? Jackson won the popular vote, but there were 4 candidates (Wm. Crawford (GA), Henry Clay (KY), John Quincy Adams (MA), and Andrew Jackson) running so no one won a majority. The election went to the H or R per the 12 th Amendment. Clay, Speaker of the House, threw his support behind J.Q. Adams. Adams, now President, then appointed Clay as Secretary of State. Jackson said he was robbed of the presidency and called it a “corrupt bargain.” Henry Clay

5. 5. Why did Jackson benefit from the new, improved, expanded democracy? After losing in 1824, Jackson and the Democratic Party spent their time preparing for the next election. The Democrats became highly organized at the local, state, and national levels. Every member marched to the same drum. What does this mean? The spoils system was used to award political positions to the party’s most loyal supporters- often unqualified professional politicians. 4. Jacksonian Democracy – Born in 1828 -The common man is now at the center and Jackson would serve two terms as president!

6. Jackson and Indian Policy Jackson, a General, defeated the Creeks in 1814 in GA, AL, and FL and took millions of acres. He also fought the Seminoles in 1818 and paved the way for the acquisition of Florida from Spain. 6. In 1832 the Marshall Court ruled that Georgia’s seizure of Indian lands was unconstitutional. Jackson boldly declared, “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it” because Jackson had urged Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830 two years before. Why this sudden push to acquire more Indian land?

7. 7. The response to the Indian Removal Act of 1830? Most Choctaws and Chickasaws and agreed to trade their lands in the South for Indian Territory in Oklahoma. The Creeks were forcibly removed by the army and the Seminoles were defeated in the 2 nd Seminole War (1835-1842) 8. The Cherokee were forced to march 1000 miles along what came to be called the “Trail of Tears.” 4000/ 16,000 died of disease and exposure.

8. 9. Over what issue did President Jackson and V.P. John C. Calhoun disagree? Answer: The Tariff of Abominations (1828) Southerners opposed it; Northerners were for it. Remember – Sectionalism! 10. V.P. Calhoun (SC) proposed “Nullification” when the 1832 Tariff signed by Jackson didn’t lower it. The concept that states could nullify or void any federal law they deemed unconstitutional. South Carolina said they would “secede,” Calhoun resigned, and Jackson said he would use force to prevent secession.

9. 11. Solution to the Nullification the Crisis Congress, in 1833, reduced the tariff and the crisis passed, but the question of secession and nullification would arise again. Can you predict when? 12.Jackson, like Jefferson before, opposed the second Bank of the U.S. (1816). The charter was set to expire in 1836. Congress wanted to re-charter it. Senators Clay (who proposed the American System as a compromise to sectionalism) and Daniel Webster were for it. 13.Jackson vetoed the bank and was portrayed as a tyrant while Clay and Webster formed the Whig Party to support the bank. Jackson soundly defeated Clay in 1832 and set out to dismantle the bank anyway though it was set to expire naturally in 1836. Why all of this hatred of the bank?

10. 14. How did Jackson’s harsh policy toward the bank impact the economy? Jackson withdrew support from the bank and put money in other banks. Private banks at the state level took advantage and began printing their own money and the economy was weakened. 15. Panic of 1837 – Jackson, before he left office, stopped allowing gov’t lands to be sold for paper money. Land values dropped, banks and businesses closed down, farmers lost land, and workers were laid off.