2. Core- center of the earth, made up of iron and nickelCore- center of the earth, made up of iron and nickel  Outer core is liquid and inner core is solid Mantle- several layers, contains most of the earth’s mass,Mantle- several layers, contains most of the earth’s mass, Magma- molten rock, forms in the mantleMagma- molten rock, forms in the mantle Crust- thin layer of rock at the earth’s surface, 19-37 miles thickCrust- thin layer of rock at the earth’s surface, 19-37 miles thick

4. Earth is made up of 4 spheres: Lithosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere

5. The layer of gases surrounding Earth Oxygen we breathe Protects the Earth Medium for weather and climate

6. Solid rock portion of Earth Crust and Upper Mantle Forms the seafloor 30-90 miles thick

7. Water elements of Earth Water elements of Earth Ocean, seas, rivers, lakes, and water in the atmosphere Ocean, seas, rivers, lakes, and water in the atmosphere

8. Part of Earth where plants and animals live Made up of Lithosphere, Atmosphere, and Hydrosphere

10. Plate tectonics- enormous moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere Rock in the asthenosphere (upper portion of the mantle) is heated and rises toward the lithosphere, cools and circulates downward http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE&feature=related

12.  Divergent- plates move apart, spreading horizontally o Ex. Saudi Arabia and Egypt (make the Red Sea even wider)

13. Rift Valley – if the land is above water Sea Floor Spreading – when the land is below water Divergence – Moving Apart

14. www.aucegypt.edu/faculty/ hamroush/images/Geol... Great Rift Valley in Africa (spreading apart)

15.  Convergent- plates collide, causing either one plate to dive under the other or the edges of both plates to crumble o Ex. plate in which India is located is crashing against the Asia plate causing the Himalayas

16. Subduction- the heavier plate will sink and the lighter will rise to the surface

17. Convergence – Moving Together Trenches Mountains Structural Mountains Volcanic Mountains

18. Andes Mountains redtailcanyon.com/items/6503.aspx

19.  Transform- plates slide past one another o Ex. San Andreas fault in CA If the rock isn’t flexible, it will cause a fault

21. San Andreas Fault in California geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/ booth/California/1_...

22. 65 million years ago, Pangaea split apart Because the sea floor was expanding (newer fossils were found in the middle of the ocean