1. CH 7: Applying the Coherence Principle Use of extraneous sounds, pictures and words should be avoided when designing an e-lesson.

2. Psychological Reasons for Coherence Principle Extraneous sounds, pictures or words can interfere with learning in 3 ways: Distraction Guides learner’s limited attention away from relevant material Disruption Prevents learner from building appropriate links among relevant material Seduction Primes inappropriate existing knowledge

3. CH 8: Applying the Personalization Principle Using conversational style (vs. formal) and an onscreen learning agent in e-lessons can help learning

4. What and How Definition: A learning agent or a pedagogical agent is an onscreen character who helps guide the learning processes during an instructional episode. Could be animated or real looking, but it should be: 1. Spoken vs. onscreen text (modality effect) 2. Conversational vs. formal style (personalization effect) 3. Human voice vs. machine-simulated voice