1. Growth and Destruction of a typical mid-Pacific Island

5. Reef growth stage:
1. Fringing reef
2. Barrier reef
3. Atoll

7. Fringing reef - Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia

8. Fringing reef - Moorea, French Polynesia

9. Fringing transition to barrier reef - Moorea, French Polynesia

10. Reef Edge
Barrier reef - Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia

11. Shelf barrier reef - Belize

12. Reef Land Barrier to Atoll transition - Chuuk (Truk Lagoon),
Federated States of Micronesia
Land

13. Remnant volcanic island - Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia

14. Tern Island at French Frigate Shoals
WW II Airstrip

15. Atoll rim islands - Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands

16. Atoll rim airport - Republic of the Marshall Islands

17. Oroluk Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia

18. Fanning Island, Kiribati

19. Transition from fringing reef to barrier reef according to
Charles Darwin following his voyage on the HMS Beagle
– it ain’t new.

20. Transition from barrier reef to atoll (after Charles Darwin).

21. Cross-sectional structure of a typical atoll. Enewetak and Midway
have both been drilled to volcanic basement confirming their origins.

22. So – Seamounts, Fringing Reefs, Barrier Reefs, Atolls,
and Guyots are all linked – they are all part of the
on-going tectonic activity associated with the oceans.
Where do submarine canyons fit in?

23. What is a Seamount? What is a Guyot? In relation to
Islands, reefs and atolls
Seamount = the starting point for reefs and atolls
Guyot = an end-point, a flat-topped seamount, many about 1300 m
underwater in the Pacific, topped by old coral reefs –
erosion, subsidence, and sea level rise