1. Does Abstract Art Have a Limit?

2. The terms ‘abstract’ and ‘abstraction.’ General: Verb ‘abstract:’ OED: “to withdraw, take away; to separate in mental conception; to consider apart from the concrete;” Noun ‘abstraction:’ OED: “the act of abstracting;” “the act of separating in thought;” “the result of abstracting; a mere idea;” Adjective ‘abstract:’ OED: “separated from matter, practice, or particulars; ideal; abstruse.” Verb ‘abstract:’ Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (MWCD) “remove, separate; to consider apart from application to or association with a particular instance;” Noun ‘abstraction:’ MWCD: “the act or process of abstracting;” “the state of being abstracted;” Adjective ‘abstract:’ MWCD: “disassociated from any specific instance;” “expressing a quality apart from an object.” Art: ‘Abstraction’ in visual art: Harold Osborne: 1. “a mode of representing objects which reduces the amount or particularity of the detail depicted;” 2. a work in which “neither the work itself nor any of its parts represents or symbolizes objects in the visible world.” Etymology: ‘Abstract:’ Medieval Latin abstractus the Latin past participle of the verb abstrahere meaning ‘to drag away.’ This etymology underlies the preceding definitions as well as thinking of abstraction as “In thought, leaving out, by not attending to, the apparently irrelevant distinguishing features (or even common features) of the several individuals falling within a class.” (Antony Flew)

3. The Organic Development of Abstraction in Art History

4. REPRESENTATIONAL ART Pieter Brueghel, Hunters in the Snow, 1565

5. MANNERISM El Greco, Laocoön, 1610

6. John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821

7. J. M. W. Turner, The Lake of Zug, 1843

8. J. M. W. Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844

9. EDOUARD MANET (1832-1883) The Balcony, Eduard Manet, 1869 Edouard Manet, Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère, 1881-1882

10. Vincent Van Gogh, Cypresses, 1889

11. Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889

12. Paul Gauguin, Fe Tata Te Miti (By the Sea), 1892

13. Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893

14. IMPRESSIONISM Claude Monet, Waterlilies, Green Reflection, Left Part, 1916-1923

15. FAUVISM Maurice Vlaminck, Landscape with Red Trees, 1907

16. EXPRESSIONISM Chaim Soutine, Landscape, 1921

17. Wassily Kandinsky, Black Lines 19

18. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM Willem de Kooning, Excavation, 1950

19. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM Jackson Pollock, Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist), 1950

20. The Geometric Development of Abstraction in Art History

21. REPRESENTATIONAL ART Pieter Brueghel, Hunters in the Snow, 1565

22. Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Basket of Apples, 1890-1894 Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Apples, 1890-1894 PAUL CÉZANNE (1839-1906)

23. Paul Cézanne, Monte Sainte-Victoire Seen from Les Lauves, 1904- 1906

24. ANALYTIC CUBISM Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, 1910

25. Henri Matisse, Bathers by a River, 1916-1917

26. SUPREMATISM Kasimir Malevich, Black Square, 1913

27. PIET MONDRIAN (1872-1944) Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red 1939-1942

28. Kasimir Malevich, White on White, 1918

29. COLOR-FIELD PAINTING Mark Rothko, Untitled, 1956 Mark Rothko, No. 14, 1960, (1903-1970), 1960

30. The Challenge of Dadaism

31. DADAISM - READYMADES Fountain, Marcel Duchamp, 1917 Bottlerack, Marcel Duchamp, 1914

32. POP ART Marilyn, Andy Warhol, 1964

33. MINIMALISM Untitled, Donald Judd, 1969

34. Dan Flavin, the nominal three (to William of Ockham), 1964

35. Joseph Kosuth, Any Five Foot Sheet of Glass to Lean Against Any Wall, 1965

36. Robert Irwin, Black-Line Volume, 1975-1976

37. Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1970

38. Walter de Maria, Lightening Field, 1971-1977

39. Chris Burden, Bed Piece, 1972

40. ALL THE THINGS I KNOW BUT OF WHICH I AM NOT AT THE MOMENT THINKING - 1:36PM; JUNE 15, 1969 Robert Barry, 1969

41. Theses of Abstraction

42. 1. A work of art must either be an object or objects which a subject can single out in awareness, or the artwork must stand in an understandable relation to an object or objects which a subject can so single out. 2. No object can be classified as an artwork which has not been produced through one or a combination of the kinds of intentional action on which artworks are dependent, and no object can be classified as an artwork which is not intended to be so classified by its producer.

43. 3. Although all works of art depend upon objects which follow from or involve intentional actions, artworks need not be artifacts as the concept ‘artifact’ is traditionally understood. 4. Artworks and their parts are either created, selected, or specified, or are produced by some combination of the actions of creating, selecting, or specifying.

44. 5. A work of art is dependent on a public perceptual object in which its identity is embodied or through which it is specified, or in which its identity is embodied and through which it is specified; and knowing with which simple or complex object a particular artwork is meant to be identified is logically presupposed by being able to understand, appreciate, interpret, or respond to the artwork in any way. 6. Objects on which works of art are dependent presuppose subjects to whom they are directed and concern both the awareness and the agency of subjects to whom they are directed.

45. 7. The perceptual object on which the identity of an artwork is dependent must be displayed in such a way that its being the artwork or its relevance to the artwork can be understood by the appropriate audience, or the intention of the artist that such a perceptual object be understood to be a work of art or relevant to a work of art must be made known to the artworld. 8. Artworks need not be aesthetic objects, and even important artworks need not be aesthetic objects, at least not as the concept ‘aesthetic’ is traditionally understood.

46. 9. Although public perceptual objects are presuppositions of artworks eliciting aesthetic experience, aesthetic experience is not limited to the experience of perceptual objects. 10. When a subject singles out in awareness the original, public, perceptual object on which the identity of an artwork is dependent, a complex is formed of which the subject, the object, and the event of awareness linking them are constituents. The limits of Abstraction in art are to be determined through using the ineliminable elements of such a complex to address those elements.