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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Hypothesizing Evolutionary Relationships
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Kingdom Animalia Common Characteristics: Multicellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophs that ingest their food; lack cell walls; reproduce sexually Phylum Chordata Common Characteristics: Notochord, Pharyngeal Gill Slits, Dorsal Nerve Cord Subphylum Vertebrata Common Characteristics: Backbone (vertebral column), Endoskeleton, Brain and Skull Classes: Chrondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia I. Vertebrate Classification (Review)
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II. Evolutionary Relationships A. Organisms are classified using 2 main assumptions: 1.The more similar the genes and physical traits of two species are, the more closely related they are. 2.The similarities were inherited from a common ancestor. B.Predicting Evolutionary Relationships 1.Evolutionary relationships can be predicted using diagrams. Each diagram is a hypothesis of how groups of organisms are related to one another. a.Phylogenetic Trees - Hypothesize evolutionary relationships among organisms and predicts when important traits evolved. b.Cladograms - Hypothesize evolutionary relationships among organisms based on significant physical traits.
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Figure 36-2, Miller- Levine, Biology Phylogenetic Tree
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Cladograms Family tree that branches systematically at points (nodes) representing specific trait possessed by some groups, but not others.
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Evolution of Individuals in the Workplace (Matt Groening, 1985)
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Node: Specific trait or traits Organisms branching to right HAVE this trait. Organisms branching to left DO NOT have this trait. Branch: Name or Type of Organism III. How To Make a Cladogram Less Complex More Complex Primitive Traits Derived Traits
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Example SLEIGH BIKE CAR AIRPLANE SPACE SHUTTLE modes of transportation wheels engine wings travels at 17,500 mph
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Brain Case and Backbone; Endoskeleton; Dorsal Nerve Cord (primitive traits) 4 Limbs; Lungs; Double-Loop Circulatory System; Highly Complex Digestive System Amnion; Internal Fertilization Mammary Glands; Hair 4-Chambered Heart; Endothermy; Up and Down Movement FISH AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDSMAMMALS Dinosaurs? Vertebrate Cladogram
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