1. Programming Fundamentals Lecture 4

2. In the Previous Lecture Basic structure of C program Variables and Data types Operators ‘cout’ and ‘cin’ for output and input Braces

3. Relational Operators

4. Decision

5. If Statement If condition is true statements If Ali’s height is greater then 6 feet Then Ali can become a member of the Basket Ball team

6. If Statement in C If (condition) statement ;

7. If Statement in C If ( condition ) { statement1 ; statement2 ; : }

8. If statement in C

9. Int n; Cin>>n; If(n>10) { Cout<<“uol”; Cout<<“ok”; }

10. Add two num..r they equal to five??

11. Divisible by 3 Int n; Cout<<“enter any number”; Cin>>; If(n%3==0) { Cout<<“the number”<<n<<“is divisible by 3”; }

12. If-else statement Used for making two way decsns(need?) One condition and two blocks of statements are given After evaluating a condition, one of the block will be executed If condition is true than the first block will be executed If condition is false than the second block will be executed

13. if-else if (condition) { statement ; - } else { statement ; - }

14. 100 Int n; Cout<<“enter any integer value”; Cin>>n; If(n>100) Cout 100”; Else Cout<<“<100”;

15. Even or odd Int n; Cout<<“enter an integer”; Cin>>n; If(n%2==1) Cout<<“it is an odd number”; Else Cout<<“even”;

16. Take avg of 5 students marks and tell if that avg is > or < 100

17. Nested if statement When an if statement is used within another if statement, it is called nested if statement Used for multiway (not two way) decision making

18. Syntax If(condition-1) { If (condition-2) { Statement } Statement }

19. example Int a,b,c; Cout Cin>>a Cout Cin>>b; Cout Cin>>c; If(a==b) { if(a==c) cout<<“equal”; } Else Cout<<“different”; }

20. Nested if-else structure Used for multiple selection Syntax If(condition1) Statement1; Else if(condition2) Statement2; Else if(condition3) Statement3…....

22. Logical Operators AND&& OR||

23. Logical Operators If a is greater than b AND c is greater than d In C if(a > b && c> d) if(age > 18 || height > 5)

24. Multi-way decision

25. if ( grade ==‘A’ ) cout << “ Excellent ” ; if ( grade ==‘B’ ) cout << “ Very Good ” ; if ( grade ==‘C’ ) cout << “ Good ” ; if ( grade ==‘D’ ) cout << “ Poor ” ; if ( grade ==‘F’ ) cout << “ Fail ” ; if Statements

26. if ( grade ==‘A’ ) cout << “ Excellent ” ; else if ( grade ==‘B’ ) cout << “ Very Good ” ; else if ( grade ==‘C’ ) cout << “ Good ” ; else if ( grade ==‘D’ ) cout << “ Poor ” ; if else

27. if ( grade == ‘A’ ) cout << “ Excellent ” ; else if ( grade == ‘B’ ) … else if … … else … if else

28. switch statement

29. switch statements switch ( variable name ) { case ‘a’ : statements; case ‘b’ : statements; case ‘c’ : statements; … }

30. switch ( grade) { case ‘A’ : cout << “ Excellent ” ; case ‘B’ : cout << “ Very Good ” ; case ‘C’ : … … } switch statements

31. case ‘A’ : cout << “ Excellent ” ; … … switch statements

32. Example switch ( grade) { case ‘A’ : cout << “ Excellent ” ; case ‘B’ : cout << “ Very Good ” ; case ‘C’ : cout << “Good ” ; case ‘D’ : cout << “ Poor ” ; case ‘F’ : cout << “ Fail ” ; }

33. break;

34. Example switch ( grade ) { case ‘A’ : cout << “ Excellent ” ; break ; case ‘B’ : cout << “ Very Good ” ; break ; case ‘C’ : cout << “Good ” ; break ; case ‘D’ : cout << “ Poor ” ; break ; case ‘F’ : cout << “ Fail ” ; break ; }

36. default : cout << “ Please Enter Grade from ‘A’ to ‘D’ or ‘F’ “ ; default :

44. goto Unconditional Branch of Execution

46. GOTO { Int c=1; abc: Cout<<c<<endl; C++; If(c<=10) Goto abc; }

47. Limitations of switch if ( amount > 2335.09 ) statements ;

48. Whole Number short int long

49. case ‘A’ : case ‘ 300 ‘ : case ‘ f ‘ :

50. Minimize the use of break Minimize the use of continue Never use goto

51. Flow Charting There are different techniques that are used to analyse and design a program. We will use the flow chart technique. A flow chart is a pictorial representation of a program. There are labelled geometrical symbols, together with the arrows connecting one symbol with other.

52. Flow Chart Symbols Start or stop Process Flow line Continuation mark Decision

57. Unary Not operator !  !true = false  !false = true