1. The Classical Period: Movements of People

2. Movements of People
Common themes for the classical civilizations include
territorial expansion
efforts to integrate the peoples of the new territories
Ex. Southeast Asia gained access to civilization during the classical period mainly through its contacts with India.

3. Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Sahara refers to the area/land below the Sahara desert.

4. Sub-Saharan Africa
1000 B.C.E-independent kingdom of Kush flourished along the upper Nile.
Possessed a form of writing derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics and mastered the use of iron.
Major cities were built

5. Kush

6. Kush
The stone pyramids of Kush at Merowe in the Sudan.

7. Sub-Saharan Africa
Kushites established a strong monarchy with the belief that the king was divine.
300 B.C.E-Kush was defeated by the African kingdom of Axum
Axum was later defeated by the kingdom of Ethiopia
Both Axum and Ethiopia were in contact with Mediterranean civilizations

8. Ethiopia

9. Sub-Saharan Africa
Judaism spread to Ethiopia due to trade creating a small minority of Ethiopian Jews.
The Ethiopian Christian Church was cut off from mainstream Christianity after the fall of the classical period but Christianity flourished in isolation.

10. Sub-Saharan Africa
Iron working spread which facilitated expansion of agriculture
Kushite writing did NOT spread
What does this suggest about the impact of civilization below the Sahara?

11. Sub-Saharan Africa
Towards the end of the classical era important regional kingdoms began to form in western Africa, leading to the creation of the first great state-GHANA
Root crops and plantains, being introduced to Southeast Asia about 100 C.E.

12. West Africa-Ghana
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13. Japan

14. Japan 200 C.E.-Japan had established extensive agriculture.
Population of the islands were formed by migrations from the peninsula of Korea.
Organization based on tribal chiefs evolved
Each tribal group had its own god thought of as an ancestor.

15. Japan Japan developed an iron working network.
Skipped the stages of bronze and copper work and went straight from stone to iron.
Regional states in Japan became more complex controlling larger territories.
Scribes from Korea to keep records on the island

16. Japan-Shintoism Japan’s religion was Shintoism.
Shintoism provided for the worship of political rulers and the spirits of nature, including the all important god of rice.
local shrines and rituals (unified religion in 700 C.E.)

17. Shinto-Shrines <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>
Shinto shrine for Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess
The Heian Shrine at Kyoto
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The Yasukuni Shrine, Tokyo

18. Japan
400 C.E.-National politics arose as local regional leaders gained trust and loyalty from other leaders.
Japan’s imperial house-emperor/leader was worshipped as a religious figure.
Japan began to have more contact with China

19. Northern Europe

20. Northern Europe
Teutonic or Celtic peoples (were loosely organized regional kingdoms)
Germany
England
Scandinavia
Slavic peoples
There was no written language, except in the cases where Latin had been imported.

21. Northern Europe
Agriculture was still very primitive with hunting and gathering.
Scandinavians (learned skill of sailing)
Religious beliefs consisted of polytheistic nature gods.

22. Civilizations of Central and South America

23. Civilizations of Central and South America
800 C.E-400 C.E- Central America
Olmecs developed and spread and early form of civilization.
Lacked written language but produced massive pyramid shaped religious monuments.

24. Civilizations of Central and South America
An Olmec "head," ca. 900 B.C.
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The Wrestler, a sculpture from the Olmec civilization

25. Civilizations of Central and South America
In the Andes region of South America
Potatoes were grown
Domesticated animals such as turkeys, dogs, and guinea pigs
Impressive achievements in jade art
Religious statues were icons blended human images with animals.
Accurate and impressive calendar.

26. Civilizations of Central and South America

27. Civilizations of Central and South America
Olmecs disappeared without a clear trace around 400 B.C.E.
Teotihuacan was the center of trade and worship.
Suffered setbacks from migrations and regional wars but American civilization starting with Maya 400 C.E.

28. Civilizations of Central and South America
Peru and Bolivia
careful agriculture allowed the construction of elaborate cities and religious monuments
development of the Incan civilization
Early American Indian cultures were considerably ahead of European civilizations

29. Polynesia

30. Polynesia
Developed in isolation in new island territories in the Pacific
Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E
Giant outrigger canoes led to the first settlement of island complexes such as Hawaii.
Adapted local plants
brought new animals such as pigs
Caste system under local kings.

31. Polynesia http://www.divetheworldfiji.com/images/map-fiji.gif

32. Polynesia Polynesians came from mainland Asia. Left no written records
Ships were great double canoes and helped them catch ocean winds (trade)

33. Polynesia

34. Africa-Bantu

35. Africa-Bantu
Most Likely originated in an area south of the Sahara Desert in the region of modern day Nigeria.
language dialect not necessarily a tribe of people
2000 B.C.E- left their homeland due to desertification
traveled for centuries all over sub-Saharan Africa maintaining the majority of their customs.

36. Africa-Bantu Language spread it combined with others
Migrations were gradual by the end of the classical era
Migrations introduced agriculture, iron metallurgy and the Bantu language to most regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.