1. P. Castorina Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia Università di Catania-Italy 17-21 November 2014 Bielefeld CPOD 2014 Hadron Freeze-Out and Unruh Radiation

2. Thermal hadron production: (open) questions Event horizon and thermal spectrum Unruh effect Color event horizon and hadronization Answering a là Unruh to the open questions Conclusions

4. Becattini (2006)

8. WHY ? Freeze-out s/T^3 = 7

9. A. Bazazov et al. (HotQCD Collaboration), arXiv:1407.6387

10. Freeze-out E/N = 1.08 Gev WHY ?

11. Questions 1) Why do elementary high energy collisions show a statistical behavior? 2) Why is strangeness production universally suppressed in elementary collisions? 3) Why (almost) no strangeness suppression in nuclear collisions? 4) Why hadron freeze-out for s/T^3 = 7 or E/N=1.08 Gev Is there another non-kinetic mechanism providing a common origin of the statistical features?

12. Conjecture Physical vacuumEvent horizon for colored constituents Thermal hadron production Hawking-Unruh radiation in QCD P.C., D.Kharzeev and H.Satz -- D.Kharzeev and Y.Tuchin ( temperature) F.Becattini, P.C., J.Manninen and H.Satz (strangeness suppression in e+e-) P.C. and H.Satz (strangeness enhancement in heavy ion collisions) P.C., A. Iorio and H.Satz ( entropy and freeze-out) arXiv:1409.3104 Adv.High Energy Phys. 2014 (2014) 376982 Eur.Phys.J. C56 (2008) 493-510 Eur.Phys.J. C52 (2007) 187-201 Nucl. Phys. A 753, 316 (2005)

13. Recall

14. M. K. Parikh and F. Wilczek, “Hawking radiation as tunneling,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 5042

15. arXiv:0710.5373 The Unruh effect and its applications Luis C. B. CrispinoLuis C. B. Crispino, Atsushi Higuchi, George E. A. MatsaAtsushi HiguchiGeorge E. A. Matsa Rindler observer

17. QFT - Unruh (elementary)

21. G R. ParentaniR. Parentani, S. Massar. Phys.Rev. D55 (1997) 3603-3613S. Massar THE SCHWINGER MECHANISM, THE UNRUH EFFECT AND THE PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED BLACK HOLES Applications (elementary implementation) R. Brout, R. Parentani, and Ph. Spindel, “Thermal properties of pairs produced by an electric field: A tunneling approach,” Nucl. Phys. B 353 (1991) 209.

22. Verlinde entropic formulation of Newton law Comment !

24. Universal thermal behavior Event Horizon Uniform acceleration In QCD ? Confinement

25. QCD - Uniform acceleration

33. TOY MODEL

34. Full analysis F.Becattini, P.C., J.Manninen and H.Satz (strangeness suppression in e+e-) Eur.Phys.J. C56 (2008) 493-510

36. F.Becattini, P.C., J.Manninen and H.Satz (strangeness suppression in e+e-)

37. String breaking and E/N = 1.08 Gev

39. Bekenstein-Hawking black-hole entropy ( scale of quantum gravity fluctuactions)

40. 1) Valid for a Rindler horizon ( constant acceleration)? 2) What is the scale r? r is the typical (short) scale of quantum fluctuaction Lambiase, Iorio, Vitiello Annals of Physics 309 (2004) 151 M.Srednicki PRL 71(1993)666 H.Terashima PRD 61(2000) 104016 QFT L. Bombelli, R. K. Koul, J. H. Lee and R. D. Sorkin, Phys. Rev. D 34, 373 (1986).

41. String breaking and

42. physical meaning : entanglement Preliminary 1 – work in progress P.C., A. Iorio and H.Satz

44. an interesting example Chirco et al. PRD 90,044044,2014

46. BUT and therefore

48. Unruh and Minkowsky Exactly as in the previous example

49. K

50. Ted JacobsonTed Jacobson, Renaud Parentani, Horizon Entropy in Found.Phys. 33 (2003) 323-348Renaud Parentani Statistical mechanics of causal horizon

51. The deep meaning of the result based on ( at least for ) is that the entanglement entropy density per unit horizon area is finite and universal.. In QFT M.Srednicki PRL 71(1993)666 H.Terashima PRD 61(2000) 104016 QFT Lambiase, Iorio, Vitiello, Annals of Physics 309 (2004) 151

52. A possible understanding of the phenomenological result is that it corresponds to the entanglement entropy through the color confinement horizon due to the string tension. Entanglement hadronization Problem of species? Entanglement explicit calculation Preliminary – work in progress P.C., A. Iorio and H.Satz

54. P.C. and H.Satz arXiv:1403.3541 arXiv:1403.3541 Hawking-Unruh Hadronization and Strangeness Production in High Energy Collisions (a first preliminary step) heavy ions

55. TOY MODEL

57. The Wrobleski factor increases from 0.25 in elementary collisions to 0.36 in the toy (pions and kaons) model.

58. Horizon: One directional membrane through which nothing can leak (classically) Near the event horizon theory becomes two dimensional with its metric identified with the (r-t) section of the original metric. Ingoing (say left moving) modes lost inside the horizon; They cannot contribute to the near horizon theory, hence chiral. Unruh and chiral symmetry restoration Preliminary 2 – work in progress

60. String breaking E/N = 1.08 Gev String breaking

61. For the Unruh mechanism explains the freeze-out criteria E/N = 1.08 Gev and suggests a physical motivation for s/T^3 = 7 Fundamental Physics ! BH

62. But there is more statistical/entanglement ? Hawking-Unruh radiation in a lab! Competitors: Gravity analogue Lasers - Unruh, Schutzhold,… Hawking-Unruh effect in Graphene - Lambiase-Iorio, PLB716,2012,334 and arxive 1308.0265. In string breaking C. Barcelo, S. Liberati, and M. Visser, Living Rev. Rel.

63. 1954 Classe di Ferro Frithjof