1. Computer Organization IT 318 1 CPUMemoryInputDevices OutputDevices Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Touchscreen Output Devices: Display, Printer, Flash drive Memory: RAM, ROM, Disk Drives, Flash Address Bus Data Bus

2. CPU Organization IT 318 2 ProgramPointer Program (In Memory) ALU Data Accumulator(F,D,E,S) On-BoardRegisters

3. Instruction Cycle IT 318 3 Fetch (from Program Memory) (from Program Memory) Decode (in Accumulator) (in Accumulator) Execute (in ALU or Register) (in ALU or Register) Store (in Data Memory) (in Data Memory)

4. Storage Hierarchy IT 3184 On-Board Registers 2 cycles; volatile Cache Memory (SRAM) 10 cycles; volatile Main Memory (DRAM) 50 cycles; volatile Storage (HDD, ODD, FD) 10 6 /10 7 / 10 4 cycles; non-volatile Access Time Storage Capacity

5. Memory Allocation IT 318 5 BIOS Operating System Program Data Program 1 Data Program 2 Data Program 3 Data Free Memory

6. IT 3186 Motherboard

7. IT 3187 CPUs

8. IT 318 8

9. 9 Glue Logic

10. IT 318 10 Power Supply-Separated

11. IT 31811 Power Supply-Installed

12. IT 31812 Cache

13. IT 31813 BIOS

14. Memory System IT 31814

15. Storage Speeds IT 318 15

16. Making It Go Faster IT 31816

17. DRAM Evolution IT 318 17

18. HDD Evolution IT 31818

19.  Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)  32 Mbps; 1982 (IBM PC)  Extended ISA (EISA)  64 Mbps; 1988  Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)  132 Mbps; 1992  PCI-eXtended (PCI-X)  266 Mbps; 1998  PCI-e or PCI-E  v 1.0: (2003) 250 MBps/lane, 16 lanes = 4 GBps  v. 2.0: (2007) 500 MBps/lane, 32 lanes = 16 GBps  v. 3.0: (2010) – not yet fully released IT 318 19 Internal I/O

20.  Small Computers System Interface (SCSI)  50 Mbps, 1984; Ultra-5: 640 Mbps (2003)  iSCSI: Ethernet/network dependent  Universal Serial Bus (USB)  v. 1.0: 12 Mpbs; 1994; v. 2.0: 480 Mbps; 2000; v. 3.0: 4.8 Gpbs (2009)  Firewire (IEEE 1394; AppleTalk)  400 Mbps; 1996; 800 Mbps (2006); declining  Ethernet  10 Mbps (1984); 100 Mbps (1995); 1 Gbps (2000); 10 Gbps (2008) IT 31820 External I/O

21.  Thunderbolt  10 Gbps  4 lanes, differential, 5.4 Gbps/lane  15 ft (5m) with copper; 100 m with mmf  Both PCI-e and DisplayPort  NOTE: preceding examples are NOT exhaustive in any way – just example of what has been done. IT 318 21 External I/O