1. Challenges to Nation-Building in Africa – Why DifFicult? Impact of Colonialism Ethnic/linguistic divisions Weak or unstable economies Disruption of family & community life Lack of skilled, literate work force Many attempts at democracy became military dictatorships

3. South Africa Apartheid = “separation” of races White minority had power over black majority

4. Roots of Apartheid Transatlantic Slave Trade (16 th -19 th c.) Imperialist attitudes Social Darwinism Racism

5. Beginnings of apartheid European settlers Dutch Boers/Afrikaners & British settlers Industrialization  Mining & slave labor Cecil Rhodes Pass laws

6. National Party in Power 1948 Africans had no vote or political rights Homeland policies, Group Areas Act (1951), Bantu Homelands Act (1951)  Restricted Africans from owning land “Bantustans”

7. Homelands

8. Separate But Not Equal Population Registration Act (1950) Preservation of Separate Amenities Act (1950) Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Act (1952) Bantu Education Act (1953)

9. African Response African National Congress (ANC) formed in 1912 African National Congress (ANC) formed in 1912 Organized to fight for African rights Peaceful resistance (strikes, boycotts) to protest racism Was banned by National Party Leader, Nelson Mandela, sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964

10. Sharpeville Massacre (1960) Police opened fire on African protestors who marched on police station 69 killed International uproar

11. African Response Soweto Uprising (1976) Students led march in Soweto to protest inferior education Police opened fire 176 to 600 killed, over 1,000 injured Turning point in struggle to end apartheid

12. Foreign Assistance in Ending Apartheid South African bishop Desmond Tutu Nations refused to trade w/South Africa Nations refused to trade w/South Africa South Africa isolated in other international affairs South Africa isolated in other international affairs

13. First Steps President F.W. de Klerk elected 1989 Goal was to transform S. Africa & end its isolation Legalized the ANC, released Mandela from prison South African parliament repealed apartheid laws No land restrictions, no segregation

14. First Steps 1 st universal elections held (in which Africans could vote) in 1994 1 st universal elections held (in which Africans could vote) in 1994 –De Klerk v. Mandela –ANC won 63% of seats in National Assembly in parliament –Mandela elected president New democratic constitution in 1996New democratic constitution in 1996 –Equal rights for all citizens –Bill of rights

15. Africa Since Apartheid Africa is still considered a republicAfrica is still considered a republic Thabo Mbeki elected president (ANC) in 1999 & 2004Thabo Mbeki elected president (ANC) in 1999 & 2004 –Controversy, deputy Jacob Zuma –Resigns in 2008 2009 to today – Jacob Zuma elected president2009 to today – Jacob Zuma elected president

16. Continuing struggles CorruptionCorruption High crime rateHigh crime rate UnemploymentUnemployment Economic downturnsEconomic downturns –Trade complications AIDS epidemicAIDS epidemic