1. JOI/1 Data Manipulation - Joins Objectives –To learn how to join several tables together to produce output Contents –Extending a Select to retrieve data from 2 tables via the SQL92 Join syntax –What is an INNER JOIN? Is there a default JOIN? –CROSS Joins (SQL92) –SQL92 & SQL89 comparison and key differences –Oracle considerations –Using table aliases –Joining more than two Tables –Composite Joins –Practical 5-1 –Outer Joins –Practical 5-2

2. JOI/2 Both tables appear in FROM clause, sequence irrelevant Link the tables in the FROM clause with the keyword JOIN The ‘ON’ sub-clause relates a row of one table to a row of the other table, via one or more columns –Note the tablename.columnname syntax to avoid ambiguity No ability to predefine or store this join relationship in DBMS Retrieving data from two tables (SQL92) SELECT salesperson.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson JOIN dept ON salesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no ** NOTE ** Not ORACLE!

3. JOI/3 Joining – the one-to-many emp_no fname lname dept_no 10fred smith 1 20bob james 1 30 sue brown 2 dept_no dept_name 1 marketing 2 sales salesperson (‘many’) dept (‘one’) Foreign Key Primary Key SELECT * FROM salesperson JOIN dept ON salesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no emp_no fname lname dept_no dept_no dept_name 10fred smith11marketing 20bob james11marketing 30 sue brown22sales result set ** NOTE ** Not ORACLE!

4. JOI/4 In chapter 2 we considered why we ‘normalise’ data into many tables –To avoid INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE anomalies and data duplication Downside of ‘normalisation’ is we have to do JOINS –JOINS are ‘realtime denormalisation’ –The JOIN effectively puts all the ‘dept’ data back –produces information that is useful and meaningful to the business –(refer back to chapter 2 page 6 and page 5!) Joining as De-Normalisation

5. JOI/5 Some RDBMS’s require the word INNER (or an alternative!) If a DBMS allows omission of ‘INNER’ it will default to ‘INNER’ Meaning: SELECT only the rows where there is a match between the two columns referred to in the ON clause Sometimes referred to as “equi-joins” The INNER JOIN (SQL92) SELECT salesperson.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson INNER JOIN dept ON salesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no ** NOTE ** Not ORACLE!

6. JOI/6 CROSS Joins –No ON sub-clause –Will simply join every row of one table with every row of the other –4 depts * 6 salespeople = 24 combinations –400 depts * 60000 people = ‘a long running query’ = embarrassment! –The answer set is known as a Cartesian Product –Rarely used as the answer set is normally meaningless –Could generate test data quickly via INSERT INTO tableX SELECT column_list FROM tableY CROSS JOIN tableZ The CROSS JOIN (SQL92) SELECT columnlist -- which column(s) are irrelevant FROM salesperson CROSS JOIN dept ** NOTE ** Not ORACLE!

7. JOI/7 SQL92 and SQL89 JOINS compared These two queries produce exactly the same results: –SQL92 –SQL89 Note that Oracle only supports the ‘89 version! –virtually all DBMS’s that support ‘92 still continue to support ’89 –much existing code uses ’89 syntax SELECT salesperson.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson INNER JOIN dept ON salesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no WHERE county = ‘Surrey’ SELECT salesperson.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson, dept WHEREsalesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no AND county = ‘Surrey’ Nearly all DBMS’s but not Oracle Nearly all DBMS’s and Oracle

8. JOI/8 SQL92 and SQL89 JOINS - Key differences FROM clause –SQL92 uses [INNER] JOIN; SQL89 uses a comma to separate table names ON sub-clause –SQL92 must have one (assuming it is not a CROSS JOIN); SQL89 never has one WHERE clause –SQL92 doesn’t need it for the JOIN logic as it is coded in the ON clause –SQL89, required to hold the ‘join’ logic; omit it and you get a Cartesian Product! SELECT salesperson.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson, dept WHEREsalesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no ANDcounty = ‘Surrey’ SQL 89 SELECT salesperson.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson INNER JOIN dept ON salesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no WHERE county = ‘Surrey’ SQL 92

9. JOI/9 Can be coded as Alias is (usually) optional, but saves some typing Renames table throughout the query –‘AS’ keyword is optional –Same in SQL92 and SQL89 –The alias appears to be used (in the SELECT clause) before you have defined it (in the FROM clause) but remember the DBMS must read the FROM first (and so should you!) SELECT salesperson.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson JOIN dept ON salesperson.dept_no = dept.dept_no SELECT SP.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM salesperson as SP JOIN dept as D ON SP.dept_no = D.dept_no Table Aliases

10. JOI/10 Aliasing and ambiguity considerations are identical Using ‘92 syntax, the 3rd and subsequent tables are JOINed via the next ON sub-clause to a table that has already been referenced In either syntax, ‘n’ JOINS require ‘n’ join conditions In ‘89 syntax one could easily omit a condition (part of the WHERE clause) and get a partial cartesian product - be careful! SELECT SP.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM sale S JOIN salesperson SP ON S.emp_no = SP.emp_no JOIN dept D ON SP.dept_no = D.dept_no SELECT SP.dept_no, dept_name, lname FROM sale S, salesperson SP, dept D WHERES.emp_no = SP.emp_no ANDSP.dept_no = D.dept_no Joining more than two tables (‘92 & ‘89) SQL92 SQL89

11. JOI/11 The contact table has a composite primary key: SQL92 SELECT C.name, S.* -- meaning all the columns of sale FROM sale S JOIN contact C ON S.company_no = C.company_no AND S.contact_code = C.contact_code SQL-89 SELECT C.name, S.* FROM sale S, contact C WHERES.company_no = C.company_no AND S.contact_code = C.contact_code If you miss out half the join it will still run and produce unwanted extra rows. Such errors are not always readily detected. Composite Joins All parts of the key must be specified

12. JOI/12 Ch9Practical1 - Inner Joins Inner Joins on two or more tables You may write your code using ‘92 or ‘89 syntax (or both!) –Supplied solutions will include both –We would suggest using the ‘92 syntax unless –Oracle is your primary RDBMS or –You know that the majority of the code you will support is ‘89 syntax

13. JOI/13 The INNER JOIN selects all salespersons, but not managers of depts with no people The OUTER JOIN also includes rows that have no match –Left –Right –Full –With Null in the ‘many’ field SELECT manager, lname FROM dept D INNER JOIN salesperson SP ON D.dept_no = SP.dept_no Outer Joins (SQL92) SELECT manager, lname FROM dept D LEFT OUTER JOIN salesperson SP ON D.dept_no = SP.dept_no dept LEFT JOIN salesperson equals salesperson RIGHT JOIN dept Note

14. JOI/14 Consider: i.e ‘one’ RIGHT JOIN ‘many.’ –Would it mean anything? Produce any extra output? Outer Joins (General) dept RIGHT JOIN salesperson

15. JOI/15 Outer Joins (General) –If you add it reduces the output to just those companies who have not been sold to –It is therefore not always necessary to use –NOT EXISTS, NOT IN, (and we have been!) SELECT * FROM company C LEFT JOIN sale S ON C.company_no = S.company_no WHERE order_no is NULL

16. JOI/16 Outer Joins (Pre SQL92) MS SQL Server V6.0 (still supported as of V7): Oracle equivalent: SELECT manager, lname FROM dept D, salesperson SP WHERE D.dept_no *= SP.dept_no SELECT manager, lname FROM dept D, salesperson SP WHERED.dept_no = SP.dept_no(+) Note: The table with the ‘extra’ rows is often referred to as the OUTER table. Both Left Outer Joins

17. JOI/17 Ch9Practical2 - Outer Joins Outer Joins You will need to code these solutions using the SQL92 Outer Join syntax or the MS SQL Server preSQL92 proprietary method

18. JOI/18 Summary Joins –A mechanism to realtime denormalise tables to produce output There are different join types –In this chapter we looked at Inner, Cross and Outer joins –The syntax for Outer Joins is new to 92 although some DBMS’s had ways of achieving same prior to SQL92 Composite key joins –Sometimes we need to include several columns to join tables correctly Ambiguity is an issue to be addressed –Aliases help with ambiguity but are not essential