1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY – ANATOMICAL TERMS / PLANES / & MOVEMENTS LECTURE BY DR. ANSARI, CHAIR- PERSON Monday, October 26, 2015 1

2. DEFINITION OF ANATOMY It is the study of the structure of the human body. It is the science that deals with the structure and function of the human body. It is learnt by cutting/dissecting the parts of the body. ana = apart/ to cut up…Greek: the latin ‘to cut up’ give us dissect. 2

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4. ANATOMICAL POSITION It is an anatomical reference position. Body is erect standing position, Feet slightly separated, Arms hanging relaxed at the sides, Palms of hands facing forward. 4

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7. ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY These are the imaginary planes that divides the body in to different parts. These planes are either vertically running/cutting the body or horizontally. These planes are Frontal/coronal, median/ mid sagittal,/horizontal & parasagittal. 7

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9. FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE It separates the body into anterior and posterior parts. 9

10. MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE It separates the body into right and left parts. 10

11. PARA-SAGITTAL PLANE It is a plane running/cutting the body parallel to the median plane. Examples of para-sagittal planes are mid-clavicular planes. 11

12. HORIZONTAL SECTION 12

13. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 13

14. TERMS OF RELATION OR POSITION SUPERIOR=Closer to the head. INFERIOR=Closer to the feet. POSTERIOR/DORSAL= Closer to the posterior surface of the body. ANTERIOR/VENTRAL=Closer to the anterior surface of the body. 14

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16. Terms MEDIAL= Lying closer to the midline. LATERAL=Lying further away from the midline PROXIMAL= Closer to the origin of a structure. DISTAL=Further away from the origin of a structure. 16

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18. Terms SUPERFICIAL=On the surface of the body. DEEP=Inside the body/away from the body surface. CONTRALATERAL=On the other side/opposite side. IPSILATERAL=On the same side. 18

19. Terms EXTERNAL=Being outside. INTERNAL=Being inside. SUPINE=Face/palm up when lying on back. PRONE=Face/palm down when lying on the anterior surface of body. CEPHALIC=Towards the head. CAUDAL=Towards the tail/feet. 19

20. PRONE POSITION 20

21. SUPINE POSITION 21

22. TERMS OF MOVEMENTS ABDUCTION=It is a movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane. ADDUCTION=It is a movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane. FLEXION= Moving any thing in the sagittal plane. EXTENSION =Straightening it again. 22

23. ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION 23

24. Terms LATERAL FLEXION= Is bending in the coronal plane. ROTATION=It occurs around a vertical axis,or the main axis of the limb. PRONATION=It is a movement at radioulnar joints,after pronation thumb lies medially. SUPINATION=It also occurs at RU/joints,thumb lies laterally in anatomical position. 24

25. Terms OPPOSITION=This movement takes place between thumb and medial four fingers, thumb touches all the tips of medial four fingers. CIRCUMDUCTION=It is a combination of flexion/extension,abduction/adduction and rotation. 25

26. OPPOSITION MOVEMENT 26

27. Terms PROTRACTION=Moving forward along a surface. RETRACTION=Moving backward along a surface. ELEVATION=Raising a structure. DEPRESSION=Lowering a structure. 27

28. SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS 28

29. RETRACTION OF SCAPULA 29

30. SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY=Examines development of adult structure from fertilised ovum. CYTOLOGY=Deals with the structure of individual cells. HISTOLOGY=Deals with the microscopic study of tissues of the body. NEUROANATOMY=Deals with the study of nervous system. 30

31. BRANCHES OF ANATOMY 31

32. 32 Which branch of anatomy is this?

33. NEUROANATOMY 33

34. Branches of anatomy GROSS ANATOMY = Deals with those structures that can be seen without a microscope. SURFACE ANATOMY= The internal organs /structures are projected on the body surface areas. APPLIED/CLINICAL ANATOMY=The knowledge of anatomy is used to understand the clinical cases/conditions. RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY/IMAGING STUDIES= the study of anatomy with the aid of radiography/MRI/Ultrasonography. 34

35. GROSS ANATOMY 35

36. SURFACE ANATOMY 36

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38. Which branch of anatomy they are studying? 38

39. Sample questions 1. On abduction of arm from anatomical position, the arm moves in which of the following plane? A. Sagittal B. Frontal C. Transverse D. Horizontal E. Parasagittal 39

40. Sample questions 2. The radial artery pulse can be palpated at which of the following points? A. At the ventral aspect of wrist. B. In the arm pit C. On the dorsum of hand D. Proximal to the elbow joint E. Distal to the wrist joint 40

41. References:- Clinically oriented Anatomy-Keith Moore 6th Edn. ( pages 4- 12) http://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/AliAnat1/Chap1- anatomical%20terminology.pdf http://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/AliAnat1/Chap1- anatomical%20terminology.pdf http://www.slideshare.net/MatthewAxe/basic-human- anatomy-terminology http://www.slideshare.net/MatthewAxe/basic-human- anatomy-terminology http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/body/terminology.ht ml http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/body/terminology.ht ml http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=anatomi cal-planes-terms--human-body http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=anatomi cal-planes-terms--human-body 41