1. Organization of the Human Body
BMS 231:
2015/2016
DR SOBIA IKRAM
DR AQEELA BANO
DR SADIA FARHAN

2. Table of Contents Objectives for this lesson
Definition of Anatomy, basic Anatomical position and terminology.
Directional and Regional terms
Body Planes and cavities
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions

3. OBJECTIVES When you finish this lesson, you should be able to
Define Anatomy , know the Anatomical position & basic anatomical terminology.
Explain the Directional and Regional terms along with their relation to body planes.
Identify the body cavities and membranes.
Identify the abdominal quadrants and regions to know the exact location of the internal organs.

4. ANATOMY
Anatomy is the study of structure of the human body and the relationship of its part to each other.
This is actually WHAT and WHERE of the body.

5. ANATOMICAL POSITION Body erect Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a

6. Basic Anatomical Terminology
Directional terms Regional terms
Superficial
Deep
Cephalic
Vertebral
Thoracic
Appendicular
Brachial
Lumbar
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal

7. Directional Terms Superior and inferior toward and away from
the head, respectively
Superior or Cranial
Inferior or Caudal
cranial
caudal

8. The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth.
The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.

9. Directional Terms Anterior and posterior toward the front and
back of the body
POSTERIOR
(Dorsal)
ANTERIOR
(Ventral)
AT THE BACK
IN THE FRONT

11. Directional Terms Medial, toward the midline
lateral away from the midline,

12. Body Midline
EYES
Medial
EARS
Lateral

14. The Extremities have a different set of terms
Proximal– closer to the origin of the body
Distal - far from the origin of the body
The arm is DISTAL
The upper arm is PROXIMAL

15. Superficial and deep – toward and away from the
body surface
SKIN
SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface
DEEP – away from the surface

16. REGIONAL TERMS NAMES OF SPECIFIC BODY AREA
Axial region
(main axis): refers to
Head, neck and trunk
Trunk further divided
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
- Perineum
2. Appendicular region
Appendages/extremities

17. Regional terms

18. Regional terms

19. BODY PLANES Body sections - 4 main planes of reference:
Sagittal plane – Midsagittal / Parasagittal
Coronal (frontal) plane
Transverse plane
Oblique section

20. BODY PLANES Sagittal Plane– divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies parallel to the midline
Midsagittal plane

21. BODY PLANES 2. Coronal Plane ( Frontal) – divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts

22. BODY PLANES
3.Transverse Plane (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

23. BODY PLANES 4.Oblique plane - divides the body into superior and
inferior parts cuts made diagonally

24. Summary of the body planes

25. Summary of the body planes
Figure 1.8
Summary of the body planes

26. Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal Body Cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
- contains the viscera
1. thoracic cavity
a. Pleural cavity
b. Mediastinal cavity
c. Pericardial cavity
2. abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity
b. Pelvic cavity

27. Summary (body cavities)
RT AND LT PLEURAL CAVITY
BODY CAVITIES
THORACIC
MEDIASTINAL
DORSAL
VENTRAL
PERICARDIAL
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CRANIAL
VERTEBRAL
PELVIC
ABDOMINAL

28. Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

29. Body Cavities and Membranes
SEROUS CAVITIES - the cavities that are lined
by serous membranes
Parietal layer - Lines the body walls .
Visceral layer - lines the organs
Serous fluid - fluid between the parietal
and visceral layers is called
serous fluid

30. Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a

31. The pleura surround the lungs
The pericardium surrounds the heart
The peritoneum surrounds the abdominal organs

32. Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants an abdomen is divided by an imaginary lines into four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants

33. Abdominal Regions
Abdomen can also be divided by imaginary lines into 9 regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a