1. The Argus II By: Ahmaad Randall

2. What is it? The world’s first approved device intended to restore some functional vision for people suffering from blindness.

3. What is it actually? 1.)  2.)  3.)  1.) Epiretinal prosthesis 2.) Video Processing Unit and cable (VPU) 3.) Glasses The Argus II is made up of three different parts:

4. The Epiretinal Prosthesis Main part of The Argus II Needs surgery to be implanted Made up of three different parts: 1.) An Electronics Case 2.) An Electrode Ray 3.) Receiving Coil

5. Surgery Completed within four hours Requires general anesthesia Only one night hospital stay

6. Who is it for? Patients with severe retinitis pigmentosa Adults 25 years or older Bare or no light perception A previous history of useful form vision

7. How does it work? 1.) Surgically implanted in one eye. The individual wears glasses equipped with a camera that captures images and converts them into a series of small electrical pulses 2.) The pulses are transmitted wirelessly to the prosthesis and its array of electrodes on the surface of the retina 3.) These pulses are intended to stimulate the retina’s remaining cells, resulting in the corresponding perception of patterns of light in the brain 4.) Then the patient then learns to interpret these visual patterns, thereby regaining some visual function

8. For Better Understanding…

9. After Surgery Normally wait three to four months to turn the actual device on Once turned on, it is highly advised you seek and attend a physical therapist who can help you learn how to use the Argus II Physical Therapist will also show you how to interpret what you are seeing

10. Results Visual Acuity of 20/1260 -blindness is 20/500 (WHO) & 20/200 in the US Implanted in over 80 people to date Longest user is approaching seven years Best visual acuity of 20/1000

11. Improvements in Vision Most participants were able to perform basic activities better with the retinal prosthesis than without it Many were able to locate lights and windows, follow lines in a crosswalk, or avoid running into things as they walked Some could sort laundry or determine where other people were located in a room About half of the subjects were able to read very large letters (about 9 inches high).

12. Quick Review Normal eye test

13. Standard test for people who are legally blind (20/200) Chart is one meter long Highest reading is 20/1000 (First line)

14. Visual Results

15. Expenses The device cost 150,000 Hospital stay Physical Therapy for 5-6 months after your surgery every week 2-3 times a week

16. Limitations The cost Imaging is good; but can still improve greatly Availability

17. Future Better imaging, hopefully 20/400! Cheaper Less PT Faster Recovery

18. Works Cited Mann, Alfred. "Second Sight." Second Sight. Second Sight Medical Products, 2014. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. "U.S. Food and Drug Administration." Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System. Ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. FDA.gov, 17 June 2014. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. "Argus Retinal Prosthesis." Wikipedia. Ed. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Sept. 2014. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. Nisbet, Betsy. "U-M Kellogg Eye Center Performs First Two Retinal Prosthesis Implants in U.S. since FDA Approval." U-M Kellogg Eye Center Performs First Two Retinal Prosthesis Implants in U.S. since FDA Approval. Kellog Eye Center, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. Barret, John. "University Libraries." Optogenetic Approaches to Retinal Prosthesis (2014): n. pag. PubMed. Web. 6 Oct. 2014..