1. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Some Needs and Potential Benefits Related to a National Underground Science Laboratory NUSL–Geo-Hydrology–Engineering-Team Overview Scientific Rationale Societal Imperatives Science and Engineering Needs Approach Anticipated Benefits

2. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Resource Recovery Petroleum and Natural Gas Recovery in Conventional & Unconventional Reservoirs In Situ Mining HDR/EGS Potable Water Supply Mining Hydrology Waste Containment/Disposal Deep Waste Injection Nuclear Waste Disposal CO 2 Sequestration Cryogenic Storage/Petroleum/Gas Site Restoration Acid-Rock Drainage Aquifer Remediation Scientific Rationale Societal Imperatives

3. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Scientific Rationale (Cont’d) Science & Engineering Needs 1. Mechanical & Transport Behavior (momentum, fluid, mass, & energy fluxes) 2.Solid- and Fluid-Environment Interaction 3.Characterization of Mechanical and Transport Properties 4.Sensing, Data Fusion, and Modeling Natural fracture Artificial fracture

4. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Scientific & Engineering Issues Needed to Address Societal Needs

5. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Science & Engineering Needs (Cont’d) 1. Mechanical and Transport Behavior Connectivity of Fracture Networks Multi-phase Flow Particulate (Colloid/Bacterial) Transport

6. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Percolation Remote Sensing Solute flux (Dagan et al. 1992)

7. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Percolation Percolation lattice After Pyrak-Nolte et al., 1990 Glass 1992

8. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Science & Engineering Needs (Cont’d) 2. Solid- & Fluid-Environment Interaction Models of Fracture Development Coupled Processes  THM  CB  THMCB 80 0 C120 0 C 150 0 C 80 0 C

9. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Importance of Large-Scale In-Situ Experiments Validation of coupled reaction-transport conceptual and numerical models requires well-controlled in-situ experiments (not found in nature) Effective reaction rates are controlled by the hierarchy of scale of fluid flow - e.g., flow in a fracture, through the fracture network, and flow between the rock matrix and the adjacent fractures Reaction-transport processes can be strongly coupled to permeability changes from rock mechanical processes and can affect rock deformation as a result of changing mineralogy, permeability, and the chemical environment at fracture tips The Drift-Scale Test at Yucca Mountain has been used to study coupled thermal- hydrological-chemical-mechanical processes in unsaturated fractured tuff However, different geological and chemical environments can result in different system evolutions Example of thermal-hydrological- chemical processes in boiling unsaturated fractured rock

10. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Coupled Thermal, Hydrological, and Chemical Processes in the Drift Scale Test at Yucca Mountain Purpose of the test is to evaluate coupled thermal, hydrological, mechanical and chemical processes surrounding the potential repository Dimensions: ~ 50 meters long by 5 meters in diameter Electric heaters activated Dec. 1997, turned off Jan. 2002 Maximum drift wall temperature reached ~ 200°C Water, gas, and rock samples collected from boreholes for geochemical and isotopic studies Reaction-transport modeling performed prior to and during test (examples on following slides)

11. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Mineral Precipitation in the Drift Scale Test Mineral precipitation/dissolution in fractures is strongly coupled to heat transport and the migration of water in fractures via gravity drainage and capillary suction (amorphous silica and calcite examples, below) Numerical models can only be fully validated by in-situ experiments on the appropriate spatial (tens of meters) and temporal scales (> 1 year)

12. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop CO 2 Evolution in the Drift Scale Test CO 2 concentrations in vapor migrating through fractures reflects coupled processes of boiling, vapor condensation, diffusion and reaction of flowing fracture water with calcite coatings on fracture walls Reactive transport models using alternative geochemical systems are tested against measured gas concentrations (figure on right)

13. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Science & Engineering Needs (Cont’d) 3. Characterization of Mechanical & Transport Properties Hydraulic Methods Tracer Methods  Natural  Forced  Aqueous (Conservative/Reactive)  Thermal  Particulate Geophysical Methods Drilling Methods

14. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Vertical fractures Constant Orientation AVAZ predicted orientation Minimum and maximum AVO effect direction Anisotropic AVO theory

15. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop But there is no theory to predict what would happen to AVO response when there are dipping fractures or multiple fracture sets.

16. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop 0% 7% We think that this image might be telling us something about fracture orientations and intensity, but it is not clear what

17. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop What we would like to be able to do is to accurately infer the fracture pattern, so that wells could be sited and completed to enhance numerous recovery processes

18. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Geophysical Methods - Waterflood Acoustic Events

19. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Science & Engineering Needs (Cont’d) 4. Sensing, Data Fusion, and Modeling Sensing Data Fusion Modeling

20. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Science & Engineering Needs (Cont’d) Imperatives Strong scale dependence THMCB processes incompletely understood The role of serendipity in scientific advance Approach Run-of-Mine Experiments (HCB) Experiments Concurrent with Excavation of the Detector Caverns (THM) Purpose-Built Experiments (THMCB)  Large Block Tests  Mine-By and Drift Structure Tests Educational Opportunities

21. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop How Key Science & Engineering Issues May Be Addressed by Underground Science Laboratory Experiments

22. ARMA-NSF-NeSS Workshop Science & Engineering Needs (Cont’d) Anticipated Benefits and Applications Resource Recovery and Security Waste Containment/Disposal Site Restoration Education