2. Unit Overview Motivational Theories Hunger Sexual Motivation
The Need to Belong

3. Motivation A need or desire that energizes & directs behavior
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

4. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation
What’s Your Sentence?
Aron Rolston

5. Instinct Theory (Evolutionary Psychology)
genetic predispositions
Instinct
we are motivated by our instinctual behavior patterns
complex, unlearned & fixed behavior common to species
tends to NAME rather than EXPLAIN behavior

6. Drive Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need.
the drive (aroused state) is a result of a need
a need is a physiological state that triggers motivational arousal
the aim of drive-reduction is HOMEOSTASIS
maintenance of a steady internal state
cognitive homeostasis…cognitive dissonance

7. Drives and Incentives Incentive
positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior
the role of learning in motivation is most closely associated w/ incentives…
incentives depend on personal & cultural experience
need + incentive= strongly driven.
similar / standing still
opponent process – sympathetic/parasympathetic

8. human motivation does not aim to eliminate arousal but rather to seek optimum level

9. Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy

10. A Hierarchy of Motives

11. A Hierarchy of Motives

12. A Hierarchy of Motives

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. A Hierarchy of Motives

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives

17. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

18. “Without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread.”
--Dostoyevski

19. Hunger

20. The Physiology of Hunger
Contractions of the stomach
Washburn study

21. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose
Insulin
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
orexin
Vetromedial hypothalamus
Stimulate vs. lesion
Let’s Eat!
tells body you are hungry
So full I’ll Vomit!
tells body you are full

22. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin
Obestatin
PYY
Leptin
Set point
Basal metabolic rate

23. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic: sweet and salty
Neophobia
Adaptive taste preferences

24. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder

25. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

28. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

29. Obesity

30. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity
Weight discrimination
Psychological effects of obesity

31. Weight Discrimination

32. Weight Discrimination

33. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells

34. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism

35. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The genetic factor
The food and activity factor
Sleep loss
Social influence
Food consumption and activity level

36. Sexual Motivation

37. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Refractory period

38. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone

39. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams
Sexual fantasies

40. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

41. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

42. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

43. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

44. Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy
Ignorance
Minimal communication about birth control
Guilt related to sexual activity
Alcohol use
Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

45. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
Statistics of STIs
Teen abstinence
High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs
xxx

46. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics
Homosexual orientation
Heterosexual orientation
Sexual orientation statistics

47. Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation
Origins of sexual orientation studies
Fraternal birth order effect
Same-sex attraction in animals
The brain and sexual orientation
Genes and sexual orientation
Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

48. The Need to Belong

49. The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong
Sustaining relationships
The pain of ostracism
ostracism

50. The End

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Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

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57. Definition Slides

58. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

59. Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

60. Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

61. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

62. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

63. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

64. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

65. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

66. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

67. Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

68. Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

69. Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

70. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

71. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

72. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

73. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

74. Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).