1. The Child
The Adolescent
The Adult

2. Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

3. The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age
Lasts until approx. 2 1/2

4. Attachment
An emotional tie with another person resulting in seeking closeness
Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers.
Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

5. Factors affecting attachment:
Neglect
Abuse
Temperament
Separation from the family
Chronic stress
Cultural expectations
Daycare does not affect attachment !!!!

6. Harry Harlow
Body Contact Relates to attachment!
The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food.

8. The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother…even if the other “mother” gave food!

10. Strange Situation! Secure Attachment –
Mother Present: Child explores and interacts with stranger.
Mother Leaves: Child visibly upset; does not interact with stranger.
Mother Returns: Child happy to see Mom.
Insecure Attachment –
Mother Present: Child is anxious of exploration and of strangers.
Mother Leaves: Sometimes upset but sometimes ambivalent. Anxious of stranger.
Mother Returns: Child may be ambivalent or angry (hitting or pushing Mother). Often shows little emotion when mother leaves or returns. Mother and stranger often treated the same.

11. Secure attachment comes from Mother who is available and able to meet the needs of the child in a responsive and appropriate manner
Insecure attachment comes from Mother who ignores child’s needs (until Mother is ready to give it completed. Attention given when Mother wants to give it not when the child asks for it.
Also occurs when the child's needs are frequently not met and the child comes to believe that communication of needs has no influence on the caregiver.

12. Different results for different children
Parenting Styles
No one type fits all
Different results for different children

13. Authoritarian Parenting
Low in warmth, discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
Communication high from parent to child and low from child to parent

14. Results- withdrawn & distrustful child
Maturity expectations are high.
Results- withdrawn & distrustful child

15. Permissive Parenting High in warmth but rarely discipline
Communication is low from parent to child but high from child to parent.

16. Results- Child with little self-control, dependent on others
Expectations of maturity are low.
Results- Child with little self-control, dependent on others

17. Authoritative Parenting
High in warmth with moderate discipline
High in communication and negotiating
Parents set and explain rules.

18. Results- Self- reliant & socially responsible child
Maturity expectations are moderate.
Results- Self- reliant & socially responsible child

19. Language

20. Language From cooing to communication “MOTHERESE”
Babies respond to pitch , intensity, and sound of language
People talk to babies w/ varied pitch and intonation
CLICK PHOTO TO HEAR
“MOTHERESE”

21. Language
By 4-6 months, babies have learned basic language sounds of their language, and over time lose ability to perceive speech sounds in another language
Between 6 months to 1 year, babies enter the babbling phase; infants become more familiar with the sound structure of their native language

22. Around 11 months, babies begin a “one-word” stage
(Juice!)
Between 18 months and 2 years, 2 and 3 word combinations are produced; Combinations “telegraph” meaning (Want Juice!)

23. Is Language due to Nurture?
BF Skinner – Operant Conditioning
Children learn to speak because they are rewarded for making certain sounds

24. – Is Language Nurture? Noam Chomsky
Chomsky argued the brain must contain a language acquisition device that enables children to develop a language if they are exposed to it.

25. Language (Chomsky –Innate?)
Children all over the world go through similar stages of linguistics development
Children combine words in ways that adults never would, so they could not be simply imitating adults

26. Moral Development

27. Heinz Dilemma
After listening to Heinz’s story, write down what you think he should have done and WHY

28. The 3 Levels of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
The 3 Levels of Moral Development
Moral level is determined by answers people give to hypothetical moral dilemmas

29. Level One – Preconventional morality (self interest up to 10)
This level is characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain reward
Stage 1 – fear punishment for disobedience
Stage 2 – in their best interest to obey

30. Level 2 – Conventional morality (10 through Adult)
This Level is characterized by the Primary concern of fitting in and playing the role of a good citizen
People have a strong desire to follow the rules and laws.
Typical of most adults
Stage 3 – based on conformity and loyalty
Stage 4 – a “law-and-order” orientation

31. Most adults do not reach this level.
Level 3 – Postconventional (“principled”) morality (Adolescence- through Adulthood)
This level characterized by an appreciation of Universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people
Most adults do not reach this level.
Stage 5 – values and laws are relative and change; recognition that people hold differing standards
Stage 6 – standard based on universal human rights

32. Limitations to theory
Stage theory tends to over look cultural and educational influences on reasoning
People’s moral reasoning is often inconsistent across situations
Moral reasoning and behavior are often unrelated

33. What is Adolescence?

34. Adolescence The period between childhood and adulthood
From puberty (the start of sexual maturation) to independence from parents

35. Physical Development in Adolescence

36. Puberty
The period of sexual maturation where the person becomes capable of reproducing
Starts at approximately age 11 in females and age 13 in males
Major growth spurt

37. Physical Development

38. Primary Sex Characteristics
The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
Ovaries in females
Testes in males

39. Secondary Sex Characteristics
Nonreproductive sexual characteristics
Breasts and hips in females
Facial hair and voice changes in males

40. Sexual Characteristics

41. Social Development in Adolescence

42. 8-stage theory of social development
Erik Erikson
8-stage theory of social development
Each stage has its own psychosocial, developmental task: a “crisis”.

43. Trust v. mistrust Infancy to 1 year
If needs met, develop a sense of basic trust, otherwise will develop mistrust

44. Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt
1 to 2 years
Learn to exercise and do things for self or they will doubt their abilities

45. Initiative v. guilt
3 to 5
Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

46. Competence v. Inferiority
6 years to puberty
Positive experiences develop pride & competence
Negative experiences may lead to feelings of inferiority

47. Identity v. Role Confusion
Teens into 20s (Adolescence)
Refining sense of self by testing roles – challenging authority
Find SELF or become confused about who they are

48. Intimacy v. Isolation 20s to 40s (Young Adulthood)
Forming close relationships
Deeper love or socially isolated

49. Generativity v. Stagnation
40s to 60s (Middle Adulthood)
Discover sense of contributing to the world or they may feel lack of purpose

50. Ego integrity v. Despair
60 and up
Reflecting on life either feel satisfied or failure

51. Social Development in Adolescence: Developing Identity

52. Identity
A strong, consistent sense of who and what a person is, search through:
Experimentation
Rebellion
“Self”-ishness
Optimism and energy

53. Intimacy
A close, sharing, emotional, and honest relationship with other people (primary task of early adulthood)
Not necessarily one’s spouse or a sexual relationship

54. Adulthood
How easily one passes between stages depends on cultural and economic factors
Erickson showed that development is an ongoing process that is never finished

55. Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?
Traumatized children are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems

56. Partnerships formed
Parenthood
Work (double shift)
Midlife crisis/transition

57. Menopause
Retirement
Change in relationships- empty nest, death of family & friends

58. Death Denying culture
Stages of Dying
(D-A-B-D-A)
Kubler-Ross