1. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING CONNECTIONS GREGORY J. FEIST ERIKA L. ROSENBERG

2. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Motivation and Emotion Chapter Eleven

3. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Motivation Urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks Urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks –Drives Perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient in some need Perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient in some need –Needs Inherently biological state of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives Inherently biological state of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

4. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Models of Motivation Evolutionary model Evolutionary model –Major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives Hunger Hunger Thirst Thirst Body-temperature regulation Body-temperature regulation Oxygen Oxygen Sex Sex

5. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Models of Motivation Optimal Arousal Model Optimal Arousal Model –Yerkes and Dodson Law (1908) Principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance Principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

6. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Models of Motivation Hierarchical Model Hierarchical Model –Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Needs range from most basic physiological necessities to highest psychological needs for growth and fulfillment Needs range from most basic physiological necessities to highest psychological needs for growth and fulfillment

7. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sex: Survival of the Species Gender and the drive for casual sex Gender and the drive for casual sex –Meta-analysis reports that men, on average, have much more positive attitudes toward casual sex –Parental investment theory If pregnancy results, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women If pregnancy results, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women

8. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sex: Survival of the Species Sexual orientation Sexual orientation –Disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual) –Influenced by both nature and nurture

9. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Needs to Belong and Excel Need to belong: affiliation Need to belong: affiliation –Humans are inherently social creatures –Rejection can lead to both physical health and psychological problems Depression Depression Suicide Suicide Violence toward others Violence toward others

10. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Needs to Belong and Excel Need to excel: achievement Need to excel: achievement –Desire to do things well and overcome obstacles –Atkinson (1964) tendency to achieve success is a function of three things Motivation to succeed Motivation to succeed Expectation of success Expectation of success Incentive value of the success Incentive value of the success

11. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion

12. Emotion Brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation Brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation

13. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion Types of affect Types of affect –Moods Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness –Affective traits Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses such as anger Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses such as anger

14. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion Emotions, basic emotions, and dimensions of affect Emotions, basic emotions, and dimensions of affect –Basic emotions Set of emotions that are common to all humans Set of emotions that are common to all humans –Anger –Disgust –Fear –Happiness –Sadness –Surprise

15. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion Self-conscious emotions Self-conscious emotions –Emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to expectations of ourselves, others, and society Shame Shame Guilt Guilt Humiliation Humiliation Embarrassment Embarrassment Pride Pride

16. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion Emotions as evolutionary adaptations Emotions as evolutionary adaptations –Organized responses –Broaden-and-build model Posits that emotions widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills Posits that emotions widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills

17. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion Regulation of emotion Regulation of emotion –Cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions Reappraisal Reappraisal Expressive-suppression Expressive-suppression

18. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion Expression: Culturally Determined or Universal? Culturally relative Culturally relative –Expressions vary across cultures and could only be understood in their cultural context Universal Universal –Common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world

19. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How Culture Impacts Emotion Expression Display rules Display rules –Learned norms or rules about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them

20. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion and the Brain Amygdala Amygdala –Plays a role in appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli with a specialized function for noticing fear- relevant information

21. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion and the Brain Prefrontal cortex Prefrontal cortex –Involved in determining options for response or reappraisal

22. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotion and the Brain Other brain regions in emotion Other brain regions in emotion –Anterior cingulate cortex –Hypothalamus –Insula Interoception Interoception

23. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Gender and Emotion Women tend to talk about emotions more than men do Women tend to talk about emotions more than men do Sexes differ most in Sexes differ most in –Description of their emotional experiences –Frequency of smiling

24. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion: Living a Satisfied Life

25. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Living a Satisfied Life Life satisfaction Life satisfaction –Overall evaluation we make of our lives Subjective well-being Subjective well-being –State that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect

26. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Emotions, Happiness, and Meaning in Life Happiness, life satisfaction, and subjective well-being are not directly related to income Happiness, life satisfaction, and subjective well-being are not directly related to income People who find meaning in life are likely to be happier in life People who find meaning in life are likely to be happier in life