2. Communication

3. What is Communication? – An action on the part of one organism that alters the probability pattern of behavior in another organism in a fashion adaptive to either one or both of the participants (Wilson 1975)

4. Communication (Wiley 1983)

5. True Communication – Both Sender and Receiver benefit Manipulation – Sender benefits / Receiver is unaffected or harmed Eavesdropping – Sender is unaffected or harmed / Receiver benefits Ignoring – neither Sender or Receiver is harmed

6. Alarm Calls Vocalizations - Vervet Monkeys Different Calls Snake = Chutter Leopard = Barking Eagle = Cough

7. How do they Signal? Discrete ear position Pointed Up – greeting Laid back - threat Graded Mouth Closed – mild Open – More intense

8. Pseudopenis of the Female Spotted Hyena

10. Proximate Causes Stephan J. Gould – Pseudopenis due to proximate cause High levels of androgen during development – Suggests proximate cause outweighs adaptive significance (ultimate cause)

11. Other Causes John Alcock – Suggests proximate cause may not be as strong a Gould suggests – Contends Gould is against Sociobiology – Adaptationist Hypothesis (Ultimate Cause)

12. Pseudopenis of the Female Spotted Hyena

13. Dominance of the Female Spotted Hyena Adaptive Behavior – more androgen / more aggression By-product is pseudopenis

14. Honest Signals

15. Honest Signal How much food do I need? Brood Parasites (European Cuckoo) – Increase amount of food by tricking parents

16. Illegitimate Receivers Tungara Frog – Whine-chuck – Whine only

17. Illegitimate receivers Mobbing Call Attract other mobbers if hawk is perched Seet Call Warning sound if hawk is in the air doesn’t travel as far Range of sound hard for hawk to hear

18. Illegitimate Signalers Femme fatales

19. Illegitimate Signalers Angler Fish

20. Solving Problems – Group Foraging Food Bonanzas – Yell for others

21. Solving Problems – Group Foraging Honeybees – Round Dance – Sickle Dance – Waggle Dance

22. Solving Problems – Group Foraging Ants – Recruitment Pheromones – Stridulating

23. Solving Problems – How to Secure a Mate Bird Song – Cowbird

24. Solving Problems – How to Secure a Mate Bird Song Blackbirds

25. Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators Meerkats

26. Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators Deception – Low ranking Males

27. Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators Deception – Barn Swallows

28. Talking Animals Nim Chimpsky – Talking Chimp

29. Talking Animals Alex – Talking Parrot

30. Talking Animals Koko – Talking Gorilla