1. The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2

2. Where did the scientific method come from? Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 – Leipzig, Germany – First psychology laboratory – Claims: psychology has 2 elements (sensations and feelings) – Procedure used: “introspection” – Acknowledged as establishing modern psychology as a separate, formal field of study

3. The Greeks 5 th & 6 th centuries B.C. Started to study human behavior gods did not control people’s lives People’s minds controlled their lives People were rational

4. Dualism 1600’s (17 th Century) Mind and body are separate

5. Phrenology 1800’s (19 th century) Studying the bumps on a person’s head to figure out their intelligence or personality

6. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Mind and body are linked The mind controls the body’s movements, sensations, perceptions Mind & body together create a person’s experience

7. Approaches to the Science of Behavior Historical Approaches Structuralism Functionalism Inheritable Traits Gestalt Psychology Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytic Psychology Behavioral Psychology Humanistic Psychology Cognitive Psychology Biological Psychology Sociocultural Psychology

8. Historical Approaches Structuralism Functionalism Inheritable Traits Gestalt Psychology

9. Structuralism Main person: Wilhelm Wundt Study human behavior in a systematic and scientific way Interested in the basic elements of the human experience Introspection – self observation Tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes

10. Functionalism Main person: William James – Taught the first psychology class at Harvard (1875) – “father of psychology” – Wrote: The Principles of Psychology – Thinking, feeling, learning, remembering all help us survive as a species Focused on the functions/purpose of the mind & functions of behavior Study how mental processes help animals & people adapt to their environment

11. Inheritable Traits Main person: Sir Francis Galton – English mathematician/scientist – Studied biographies – Encouraged “good” marriages to fill the world with talented people – Came up with the first/primitive personality & intelligence tests Studies how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character & behavior Heredity or environment?

12. Gestalt Psychology Main people: German psychologists – Mac Wetheimer – Wolfgang Kohler – Kurt Koffka Perception is more than the sum of its parts “whole pattern” – Gestalt Studies how sensations are put together into perceptual experiences

13. Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytic Psychology Behavioral Psychology Humanistic Psychology Cognitive Psychology Biological Psychology Sociocultural Psychology

14. Psychoanalytic Psychology Main person: Sigmund Freud – Vienna doctor Focused on unconscious mind Free association Dream analysis most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.

15. Behavioral Psychology Main people: – Ivan Pavlov – John B. Watson – B.F. Skinner Behavior as the product of past experiences Stressed investigating only observable behavior Use of reinforcement to make behavior happen again

16. Humanistic Psychology Main people: – Abraham Maslow – Carl Rogers – Rollo May Human nature evolves & is self directed Internal growth Each person is unique Each person has a self- concept & potential to develop fully Growth leads to a more satisfying life

17. Cognitive Psychology Main people: – Jean Piaget – Noam Chomsky – Leon Festinger Focus on how we process, store & use information How information influences our thinking, language, problem solving, & creativity Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes (perceptions, memories, expectations)

18. Biological Psychology Biology impacts our behavior Study how the brain, nervous system, hormones & genetics influence our behavior

19. Sociocultural Psychology Studies the influence of cultural & ethnic similarities/differences on behavior & social functioning Culture influences ways of thinking, feeling & behaving Looks at gender, socioeconomic status