Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byAmi Walters Modified over 9 years ago
2
AP Biology Animal Behavior Chapter 51
3
AP Biology Why study behavior? ________________________________________— the study of behavior
4
AP Biology Ethology pioneers in the study of animal behavior Niko TinbergenKarl von Frisch 1941 | 1973 Konrad Lorenz
5
AP Biology What is behavior? Behavior Defined as observable and coordinated ________________________________________to environmental ________________________________________. Result of ________________________________________& ________________________________________factors
6
AP Biology What is behavior? Innate Behaviors ________________________________________, “instinctive” ________________________________________& consistent “Built-in”, no “learning curve” Despite different environments, all individuals exhibit the behavior Ex. early survival, reproduction, ________________________________________, ________________________________________
7
AP Biology Evolutionary perspective Learned behaviors Modified by ______________________________________ Variable, changeable change with experience & environment Flexible with a complex & changing environment Ability to learn is inherited, but the behavior develops during animal’s lifetime
8
AP Biology Levels of Behavioral Analysis Proximate causes ______________________________________ stimulus & mechanism ______________________________________ & ______________________________________ interaction Sensory motor mechanisms “______________________________________” & “______________________________________” questions male songbird what triggers singing? how does he sing? why does he sing? male songbird what triggers singing? how does he sing? why does he sing?
9
AP Biology Levels of Behavioral Analysis Ultimate causes ______________________________________ significance how does behavior contribute to survival & ______________________________________ “______________________________________ ” questions how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring? how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring? Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions
10
AP Biology Innate Behaviors-developmentally fixed Taxis Kinesis Migration FAP Animal Signals & Communication
11
AP Biology Innate Behaviors-Taxis Automatic response ______________________________________ or ______________________________________ from a stimulus. Automatic movement toward (______________________________________ taxis) or from ______________________________________ (negative taxis) a stimulus phototaxis Chemotaxis Examples: Trout are and swim upstream so as not to be swept away.
12
AP Biology A change in the activity ______________________________________ in response to a stimulus. ______________________________________ directed, unlike taxis. Example: Sow bugs are more active in dry areas and less in humid ones; this keeps them in moist environments. Innate Behaviors- Kinesis
13
AP Biology Innate behavior: Fixed action patterns (_______) Unlearned Usually carried to ______________________________________ once started Triggered by a ______________________________________ male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality
14
AP Biology Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns?The “eyebrow-flash” Digger wasp Human babies always smile at a mask with two dark spots for eyes.
15
AP Biology Fixed Action Patterns Examples Male stickleback fish will show aggression toward any shape that has a red area. attack on red belly stimulus court on swollen belly stimulus
16
AP Biology Figure 51.3 Classic demonstration of innate behavior
17
AP Biology Complex Innate behaviors Migration “migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity Migration is learned, but how to learn them is innate ______________________________________ navigation- by sun, stars, Earth magnetic fields Monarch migration Sandpiper ancient fly- ways Bobolink Golden plover
18
AP Biology Examples of Migration ______________________________________ butterflies from our area migrate to Mexico in the fall and the next generation flies north in the spring. Snow ______________________________________ fly 2,700 km from James Bay, Canada to Louisiana nonstop in 60 hours. The green sea turtle migrates 2,200 km across the Atlantic ocean from the east coast of South America to Ascension Island (10 km across) every 2-3 years where the adult females lay eggs.
19
AP Biology Biological Rhythms & Clocks ______________________________________ Rhythms “Sleep, wake cycle” Humans~about 24 hours long ______________________________________ the normal clock is 24.2 hrs Mutant flies have cycles of 19 & 28 hrs. ______________________________________—active during the ___________ ______________________________________—active during hours of _______ ______________________________________—having greatest activity during ____________________ hours or at ______________________________ or both
20
AP Biology Biological Rhythms & Clocks Lunar cycles Ex. Grunion swarm from April-June when the spring tides occur
21
AP Biology Biological Rhythms & Clocks What controls the biological clock? No single mechanism—an ______________________________________ of a number of ______________________________________ processes The ______________________________________ gland is thought to play a role in the timing system of rats, birds and some other vertebrates. In mammals, regions of the ______________________________________ are involved.
22
AP Biology Biological Rhythms & Clocks How much is internal and how much is governed by external clues? Answer: There is usually a strong ______________________________________ (internal) component, but an ______________________________________ (external) cue is necessary to keep the behavior properly timed in the real world.
23
AP Biology Animal Signals & Communication An action by a sender that influences the behavior of a receiver. Does not have to be ______________________________________ Ex. bat sound pulses influence moth evasive behavior.
24
AP Biology Communication: Chemical Works both day and night
25
AP Biology Social interaction requires communication __________________________ ______________________________________ signal that stimulates a response from other individuals Ex. Female moths secrete chemicals which attract males. Cheetahs and other cats mark their territory with ______________________________________, ______________________________________, and anal gland secretions. alarm pheromones sex pheromones
26
AP Biology Pheromones Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey Female mosquito use CO 2 concentrations to locate victims marking territory
27
AP Biology Communication: Auditory ______________________________________ than chemical and also effective both night and day. Can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition. Ex. Male crickets have calls and birds may have one song for courting, another for distress, and still another for marking territories. Humpback whales have complicated songs. Nonhuman primates have up to 40 different vocalizations.
28
AP Biology Communication by song Bird song species identification & mating ritual mixed ______________________________________ & ______________________________________ critical learning period Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically controlled
29
AP Biology Communication: Tactile Occurs when one animal ______________________________________ another. Ex. A male leopard nuzzles a female’s neck to calm her and to stimulate her willingness to mate.
30
AP Biology Honey bee communication dance to communicate location of food source ______________________________________ dance Discovered by Karl von ______________________________________ in the 1940s. Waggle dance indicates both distance to and direction of food.
31
AP Biology Communication: Visual Most often used by species that are active during the _____________________________________. Contests between males involve threat postures and possibly prevent fighting. Ex. Male birds often put on courtship dances to attract females. Much human communication is nonverbal such as smiling, blushing, body posture.
32
AP Biology Learned Behavior: Modified behaviors by experience Habituation Imprinting Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognition
33
AP Biology Learning: Habituation Loss of response to ______________________________________ “______________________________________ ” effect ______________________________________ in response to repeated occurrences of stimulus enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli ex: falling leaves not triggering fear response in baby birds
34
AP Biology Innate & Learning: Imprinting Learning to form social attachments at a specific ___________________________ (_________________________ ) ______________________________________ both learning & innate components Konrad ______________________________________ spent time with geese hours after hatched
35
AP Biology Figure 51.9 Imprinting: Konrad Lorenz with imprinted geese Konrad Lorenz Imprinting
36
AP Biology Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an Ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent. Conservation Wattled crane conservation teaching cranes to migrate
37
AP Biology Associative learning Learning to associate a stimulus with a consequence ______________________________________ conditioning BF ______________________________________ Trial & error learning Associate ______________________________________ with ______________________________________ or ______________________________________
38
AP Biology Associative learning Classical conditioning ______________________________________ conditioning Associate ______________________________________ with ______________________________________ or ______________________________________
39
AP Biology Operant Conditioning Gradual strengthening of stimulus-response connections. Examples: Teaching an animal a trick by rewarding correct behavior with affection or food. B.F. Skinner’s experiments ____________________________________________connect sugar treat with pressing a ____________________________________________.
40
AP Biology Operant conditioning ____________________________________________ box mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever) with reward (food pellet) B. F. Skinner
41
AP Biology Critical period As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate. Sensitive phase for optimal _______________________________________________ some behavior must be learned during a receptive time period
42
AP Biology Classical conditioning Ivan ______________________________________dogs connect reflex behavior (____________________________________________ at sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing ____________________________________________)
43
AP Biology Learning: Cognition Ability for ____________________________________________ system to store, perceive, and process information tool use problem-solving
44
AP Biology Social Behavior Some animals are largely solitary and join with a member of the opposite sex only for ____________________________________________; others pair, bond and cooperate in the raising of offspring. Still others form a society in which members are organized in a ____________________________________________ manner. ____________________________________________— a group of individuals of the same species that cooperate in an adaptive manner; e.g. bee hive, flock of birds, wolf pack, school of fish.
45
AP Biology Social behaviors Interactions between individuals develop as evolutionary adaptations Result in survival and reproductive success Agonistic behaviors Dominance hierarchy Cooperation Altruistic behavior
46
AP Biology Social behaviors ____________________________________________ behaviors Threatening & Submissive rituals symbolic, usually no harm done ex: ____________________________________________, competitor aggression
47
AP Biology Social behaviors ____________________________________________ hierarchy social ranking within a group ___________________________________ order
48
AP Biology Dominance Hierarchies A ____________________________________________ ranking animal has greater access to ____________________________________________ than a lower ranking animal. Decided by ____________________________________________ during which one animal gives way to another. Once established, little or no time is wasted in fighting. Dominant male mate more often with the females.
49
AP Biology Territoriality-- Protecting an area against other individuals. Male songbirds sing to signify their territories and other males know to stay away. The song also alerts females to presence of a male. May be adaptive—tends to reduce conflict, to control ____________________________________________ growth, and to ensure the most efficient use of ____________________________________________ by spacing organisms throughout a habitat.
50
AP Biology Social behaviors Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest cooperatively White pelicans “herding” school of fish Cooperation working ____________________________________________ in coordination
51
AP Biology Social behaviors Altruistic behavior ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ fitness but ____________________________________________ fitness of others in a ____________________________________________ ___________________________________selection increasing survival of close relatives passes these genes on to the next generation How can this be of adaptive value? Belding ground squirrel
52
AP Biology Examples of Altruistic Behaviors In social insects such as bees, only the queen bee and her mate reproduce. A female chimp often mates with several males in a group because they are all related and share genes in common.
53
AP Biology Mating & parental behavior Genetic influences changes in behavior at different stages of mating pair bonding competitor aggression Environmental influences modifies behavior quality of diet social interactions learning opportunities
54
AP Biology Social Behavior & Reproduction __________________________________________________________________ has favored mechanisms that promote successful reproduction. Behavior is thus adaptive—behavioral traits can evolve. ____________________________________________ competition among males has contributed to the evolution of large ____________________________________________, brilliant breeding ____________________________________________, antlers, etc. Known as ____________________________________________ __________and the traits are called secondary sexual characteristics.
55
AP Biology Social Behavior & Reproduction Courtship rituals may be long and elaborate. May serve as a sign signal to trigger nest building and ovulation. Male spiders offer food. Female praying mantis eats head of male
56
AP Biology Behavior: Nature or Nurture? Behavior is also shaped by ____________________________________________ influences (____________________________________________). Studies of human twins have been used to help determine to what extent behavior is inherited. Identical twins come from a single ____________________________________________. Fraternal twins are derived from two different fertilized eggs. Fraternal twins, even when raised together, do not have similar behaviors.
57
AP Biology Identical twins raised separately are sometimes very similar; for example, the German twins raised in Germany and the Caribbean both liked sweet liqueurs, stored rubber bands on their wrists, read magazines from back to front, dipped buttered toast in their coffee, and had similar personalities. Data seems to show that about 50% in human personality traits are due to polygenic inheritance and 50% are due to environmental influences.
58
AP Biology Any Questions??
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.