1. Synapses

2. Interneuronal communication
Hormone
"Volume"
Ephapse
Juxtapositional exchange
Gap junction
Chemical synapse
depolarisation
modulation
retrograde (NOS, TFs)

3. Mammalian electrical synapses
Mesencephalic n. of V
Dieter's vestibular n.
Inf. olive
Retina
Electrical coupling
Uncoupled during AP

4. Classical Neurotransmitter
Contained in presynaptic terminal
Synthesized in presynaptic neurone
Released in response to stimulus in presynaptic neurone
Elicits a response in the postsynaptic neurone

5. Neurotransmitters Amine Peptide Heterogeneous
Amino acid (Glut, Gly, GABA, Aspartatae)
Monoamine
Catecholamine (DA, Adr, NA)
5-HT
Histamine
Peptide
Enkephalins, endorphins
Gastrin, CCK, VIP, substance P
Heterogeneous
ACh, NO, CO, ATP, adenosine, D-serine

6. Synaptic receptor classification

7. Neurotransmitters

8. Gs

9. Neurotransmitters: Effects on postsynaptic membrane
Ion channel opening
Depolarisation Na, Ca
Hyperpolarisation K
Restoration to resting Cl
Second messenger Ca, cAMP, IP3
Receptor/channel regulation
Phosphorylation, activation, inactivation
Transcription factor activation
Chemical change
Structural change

10. Second Messengers Calcium Cyclic AMP Nitric oxide
Phosphodiesterase
Adenylate cyclase
II bg subunit activated
III,IV Calcium activated
V, VI Calcium inhibited
Nitric oxide
Inositol trisphosphate
ras, fos, jun

11. Neurotransmitters: Cellular functions
Neurone
Fire new AP (Na)
Alter sensitivity of synapse
Apoptosis
Muscle
Skeletal muscle contraction (Ca:troponin)
Smooth muscle contraction
Vascular (a)
bronchus (b2)
ciliary, gut , bladder (M)
Cardiac leak current (heart rate, b1)
Other metabolic cells
Glycogenolysis
Platelet aggregation
Lipolysis
↑ Gastric acid

12. Synaptic modification
Desensitisation
Phosphorylation by PKA
bARK
b-arrestin
Downregulation
Internalisation
↑ Degradation
↓ Synthesis
Receptor structure
GluR RNA editing
AMPA splicing
Anatomical change
? LTP

13. Neurotransmitters: Global effects in the CNS
Glutamate excitatory
GABA inhibitory, epilepsy
Glycine inhibitory (spinal cord)
NA, 5-HT affect
ACh memory, motor, vomiting
DA psychosis, motor, vomiting
Endorphins addiction, ↓ pain

14. Global neurotransmitter pathways
Ach DA NA
Parietal
Striatum
Cing
Frontal HT
Septal n.
Ventral tegmental area
Amyg HC
Basal forebrain n.
SNPC
Tegmentum
Lateral tegmental n.

15. Metabo- and Ionotropic receptors

16. Presynaptic Calcium restoration
Buffering by Calmodulin
Dilution
Extrusion by ATPase

17. GABAA Cl-channel binding
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Steroid Zn
Picrotoxinin-TBPS
Strychnine

18. NMDA receptor binding Glutamate Polyamine Zn
Glycine (essential co-agonist) Mg
PCP

19. Ca excitotoxicity ODC NOS PLA2 Proteases Endonucleases
Mitochondrial damage