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The Style in its Social Context
The Romanesque: The Style in its Social Context
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Late Antique or Early Christian
Architecture in the Middle Ages ( ) Late Antique or Early Christian Carolingian Romanesque Gothic c. 1400 Italian Renaissance begins Byzantine Islam
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Muslim Empire in 750 Carolingian Empire in 814
I. Historical lead up to the Romanesque period (ad ) Muslim Empire in 750 Carolingian Empire in 814 Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain 784 Carolingian palace chapel, Aachen, Germany,
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I. In the Carolingian period ( ): Western European monasteries given definitive form
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I. Scale and plan of Carolingian basilicas (compared to Early Christian predecessors) Carolingian Carolingian
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Carolingian basilicas: vertical emphasis
Carolingian Corvey abbey church, , Germany Carolingian Abbey church of St. Boniface at Fulda, Germany,
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City walls, Avila, Spain, b. 1090 earth and wood fortification
I. A. The Carolingian empire and its restoration of monumental architecture was promising, but why didn’t it last? 9th- 10th cen. Viking, Magyar, and Saracen invasions 1. 2. a wood keep City walls, Avila, Spain, b. 1090 earth and wood fortification
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ecclesiastical architecture residences of the feudal elite
I. B. When did the fortunes of Europe become more conducive to architectural innovation? ecclesiastical architecture residences of the feudal elite merchants’ townhouses great hall 2nd & 3rd floors
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return of cut stone masonry
I. B. return of cut stone masonry Ste.-Foy at Conques
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Ste.-Foy at Conques, France Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany
II. Romanesque Style or Design Mode: Context for its visual and spatial sophistication Ste.-Foy at Conques, France (abbey church), Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany
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II. Romanesque architecture (11th cen. - mid 13th cen.): the first European architecture Speyer Cathedral Durham Cathedral Ste.-Foy Pisa Cathedral
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II. A. Religious context: Medieval Christian pilgrimage and the cult of relics
4. “Relics mattered more basically than any other fixture of daily existence” (Kostof 301). Reliquary of St. Faith
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Pilgrimage road to Santiago de Compostela The “pilgrimage church” type
II. A. Pilgrimage road to Santiago de Compostela The “pilgrimage church” type
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Abbey of Ste.-Foy at Conques
II. A. Abbey of Ste.-Foy at Conques church cloister remains of Ste. Foy’s cloister
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tribune gallery Ste.-Foy
II. A. 1. New parts of Christian basilicas due to new program requirements (accommodating pilgrims) starting in the 11th century. Ste.-Foy tribune gallery tribune gallery
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Ste.-Foy – two views of the south gallery
II. A. 1. Ste.-Foy – two views of the south gallery looking east looking west
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ambulatory with radiating chapels
II. A. 1. Ste.-Foy ambulatory with radiating chapels
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II. A. 1. Speyer Cathedral crypt
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Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral
II. B. Competitive aesthetic architectural discourse in c. A.D. 1000 Raoul Glaber’s (monk and historian) commentary: “Just before the third year of the millennium, throughout th ewhole world, but most especially in Italy and Gaul, men began to reconstruct churches, although for the most part the existing ones were properly built and not in the least unworthy. But it seemed as though each Christian community were aiming to surpass all others in the splendor of construction. It was as if the whole world were shaking itself free, shrugging off the burden of the past, and cladding itself everywhere in a white mantle of churches” (Kostof 299). Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral
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Early Christian basilicas
III. The Romanesque exterior: aesthetics of less-Roman, future-oriented form begins in the 11C A. Components of a changed overall appearance from outside Romanesque basilicas in northern Europe Early Christian basilicas Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral
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Early Christian facade modest basilica silhouette
III. A. 1. What happened to the Christian church façade in the Romanesque period? Early Christian facade modest basilica silhouette Romanesque facades in northern Europe St. Peter’s (recon.) Santa Sabina Speyer Cathedral Ste.-Foy
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Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral
III. A. 2. What are some features of the complex massing at the apse end (east) and sometimes the west end as well? Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral
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double transept: two crossing towers crossing tower
III. A. 3. How is the crossing expressed on the exterior? crossing tower double transept: two crossing towers crossing tower Speyer Cathedral Ste.-Foy
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Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral
III. B. Specific qualities of the exterior wall 1. wall subdivided, often hierarchically, into bays Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral
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single plane separates interior space from exterior
III. B. 2. Thick skin of the architectural wall worked out in planes and layers Early Christian S. Sabina in Rome Romanesque Ste.-Foy Romanesque Speyer Cathedral single plane separates interior space from exterior
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corbel tables Lombard bands
III. B. Speyer Cathedral corbel tables (horizontal) Lombard bands (vertical)
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engaged shafts Engaged shafts not guided
III. B. 2. a. engaged shafts Engaged shafts not guided by laws of classical proportions. Ste.-Foy engaged shafts
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III. B. 2. b. blind arcades Ste.-Foy Speyer Cathedral blind arcade
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Speyer Cathedral dwarf gallery
III. B. 2. c. arcaded galleries (dwarf galleries) Speyer Cathedral dwarf gallery
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wall thickness registered in recessed archivolts
III. C. Thickness of Romanesque windows and portals: an impression created by recessed archivolts and multiple jambs Early Christian S. Sabina Romanesque Speyer Cathedral wall thickness registered in recessed archivolts
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wall thickness registered in recessed archivolts
III. C. wall thickness registered in recessed archivolts archivolt – one of a series of concentric arched mouldings Ste.-Foy
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archivolt – one of a series of concentric arched mouldings
III. C. archivolt – one of a series of concentric arched mouldings Ste.-Foy - archivolts
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Romanesque portal sculpture: Ste.-Foy’s Last Judgment scene
III. C. Romanesque portal sculpture: Ste.-Foy’s Last Judgment scene
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