1. Psychology Unit 4: Altered States Lesson 1 Sleep

2. Objectives Describe the different stages of sleep Explore REM sleep
Review the major sleep disorders that affect individuals
Objectives

3. Vocabulary Terms REM/Non REM Paradoxical Sleep Sleep deprivation
Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
Narcolepsy
Somnambulism
Night Terrors
Vocabulary Terms

4. Why Do We Sleep? Tell me why you believe we need sleep
Or do we not need sleep?
Why Do We Sleep?

5. How many hours of sleep do you get per night?

6. What is Sleep for? Scientist still are not sure
Many scientist feel sleep is needed just as food and water are needed for survival
Rats die after 14 days without sleep, but the reason for their deaths were not revealed during an autopsies.
The human record was 11 days, but the health of the individual seemed not to be affected
The brain is the only organ that sleep has been proven to repair during sleep.
What is Sleep for?

7. In 1929, the EEG made non- invasive study of the brain possible.
1950s breakthrough occurred in the laboratory of Nathaniel Kleitman
Was the first person to spend his time studying sleep
He and his graduate student set out to find if slow eye movement continued throughout the night
What they found is that eye movement does continue but it is rapid, now known as REM
Background

8. REM Rapid Eye Movement-eyes of sleeping people move rapidly.
Sleep is necessary to learn new things
It is believed that REM helps in brain growth. We believe that is why infants require huge amounts of sleep
Most vivid dreams are during REM
We dream 1/5 of the time we are asleep
REM is usually during the second half of the night
REM

9. What is the Purpose of REM
If we wake someone up during REM, they will experience REM Rebound
This means that they will make up for the lost of REM sleep when they return to sleeping
Newborns spend half of their sleep time in REM, and as we age our time in REM decreases
Scientist believe REM is very important in developing permanent memories and consolidating memories.
What is the Purpose of REM

10. Stages of Sleep

11. Stage 1 Also known as waking stage-relaxed wakefulness
The body prepares for sleep- muscles begin to relax, and eye movement slows (until REM)
Drowsiness is the best way to describe this stage
Can last from 5-10 minutes
If a person is aroused he/she will probably not feel rested
Stage 1

12. Light sleep
Periods of spontaneous muscle ton mixed with periods of muscle relaxation
Your heart rate slows
Body temperature decreases
Body is preparing for a deep sleep
Hypnic jerk occurs or sensation of falling
Sleep 2

13. Deep sleep stages are stages 3 and 4, with 4 being a deeper sleep than 3.

14. Stages 1-4 These stages are known as the Non-REM Sleep
Non-REM lasts from minutes
Each stage is between minutes
Normal sleep pattern is Stage 1, 2,3,4,3,2 and then REM.
REM sleep occurs 90 minutes after sleep is started in stage 1.
Stages 1-4

15. Stage 5 is REM Rapid eye movement Heart Rate becomes erratic
Face, fingers, and legs may twitch
Intense dreaming-as a result of heightened cerebral activity
Muscle immobility is also a characteristic
Stage 5 is REM

16. Another name for REM- because REM sleep is a mix of brain excitement and muscle paralysis
It is believed that this lack of mobility is to keep the body from acting out the dreams that occur while the brain is stimulated
Did you ever see a dog having a dream, where the legs move?
The first period of REM typically lasts 10 minutes, with each recurring REM stage lasting longer, until the longest REM stage reaches one hour.
Paradoxical Sleep

17. Many people complete four to five full sleep cycles in a night
REM sleep increases with each cycle
Sleep Cycle

18. Case Study of Randy Gardner, 17 years old set the world record for sleep deprivation
By Day 2-he had trouble focusing his eyes
Day 3-mood change
Day 4-major mood changes, poor concentration, and even hallucinations
Day 5- more hallucinations
Day 6-8-speech and memory issues
Day 9- fragmented thoughts and speech, blurred vision, and paranoia
After reaching his goal he slept for over 14 hours and all memory issues were repaired
Sleep Deprivation

19. Do we ever really regain lost sleep?

20. It is a common misconception that people can “make up” for lost sleep
You may spend more time in particular stage of sleep that your missed out on
You should always maintain the same sleep patterns.
Many people feel they can “catch-up” on sleep on weekends, this actually harms your sleep habits for the upcoming week.
Things to Think About!

21. The Importance of Sleep
Thousands of serious and fatal car and truck accidents occur each year because of driver fatigue
In the late 1990s, the U.S. Congress recommended lowering the number of hours that truck rivers are permitted to drive at one stretch.
In 2003, the government increased the number of allowable hours from 10 to 11.
The same is true for airline pilot
Airline pilots work about sixteen days per month
For domestic flights, pilots also are unable to fly more than 8 hours in any 24 hours period, unless they have had at least 8 hours of resting time. This is extended for longer flights such as international flights, as long as the pilot has a longer resting period after the flight.
The Importance of Sleep

22. Sleep Disorders

23. Insomnia Chronic problem with obtaining a sufficient amount of sleep
There are Three Basic Patterns of Insomnia
Initial problems falling asleep
Difficulty remaining asleep
Persistent early awakenings
Many may believe that they must obtain 8 hours of sleep but there is not proof that there are any major issues if you obtain less than 8 per night. Not receiving 8 hours does not make you an insomniac
Insomnia

24. Narcolepsy Sudden and irresistible onset of sleep during waking hours
Person goes from wake to REM-sleep stages are skipped
Can be very troublesome for a person with work, driving, and even social situations.
Narcolepsy

25. Reflective grasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
Person can feel sleepy during the day
Person does not necessarily realizes they were awaken during sleep
Person is not getting enough air
Sometimes a person can even jump from lack of oxygen
Sleep Apnea

26. Night Terrors Usually occurs during slow wave sleep Stages 3 and 4
Most common in children 3- 8
May sit upright, scream, and then stop and go back to sleep
No memory of the event
Does not mean that there is an emotional disorder
Night Terrors

27. Somnambulism Sleep walking IS NOT acting out a dream
Also occurs during slow wave sleep, stages 3 and 4
May be affected by stress
Often leads to accidents
Somnambulism

28. In 1929, the _____________ made non-invasive study of the brain possible.  
EEG
MRI
PET Scan
FMRI
Answer: A
Review Question

29. Although there are few definitive answers, researchers do believe that REM sleep is important in ________________.
maintaining life
the function of the vital organs
consolidating memory
developing a high IQ
Answer: C
Review Question

30. Based on your knowledge of the different sleep cycles, which of the following is the best explanation of REM sleep as “paradoxical” sleep? A. Because the sleep stages over and over again in a cycle B. Because we need it to survive, yet it can cause us harm C. Because we have dreams that we do not remember D. Because the brain is in a heightened state of excitement, while the body is virtually immobile Answer: D
Review Question

31. You are in stage ______ of sleep if you experience spontaneous periods of muscle tone mixed with periods of muscle relaxation.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
REM
Answer: B (Stage 2)
Review Question

32. _____________ is a chronic problem with obtaining enough sleep.
 Night terrors
 REM sleep
 Sleep apnea
Insomnia
Answer: D
Review Question