1. Free-Me: A Static Analysis for Automatic Individual Object Reclamation Samuel Z. Guyer, Kathryn McKinley, Daniel Frampton Presented by: Dimitris Prountzos Some slides adapted from the original PLDI talk

2. Motivation Automatic memory reclamation (GC) No need for explicit “free” Garbage collector reclaims memory Eliminates many programming errors Problem: when do we get memory back? Frequent GCs: Reclaim memory quickly (minimize memory footprint), with high overhead Infrequent GCs: Lower overhead, but lots of garbage in memory Can we combine the software engineering advantage of garbage collection with the low-cost incremental reclamation of explicit memory management ?

3. Example Notice: String idName is often garbage Memory: void parse(InputStream stream) { while (not_done) { String idName = stream.readToken(); Identifier id = symbolTable.lookup(idName); if (id == null) { id = new Identifier(idName); symbolTable.add(idName, id); } computeOn(id); }} Read a token (new String) Look up in symbol table If not there, create new identifier, add to symbol table Compute on identifier

4. Explicit Reclamation as the solution Garbage does not accumulate Memory: void parse(InputStream stream) { while (not_done) { String idName = stream.readToken(); Identifier id = symbolTable.lookup(idName) if (id == null) { id = new Identifier(idName); symbolTable.add(idName, id); } else free (idName); computeOn(id); }} String idName is garbage, free immediately

5. FreeMe as the solution Adds free() automatically FreeMe compiler pass inserts calls to free() Preserve software engineering benefits Can’t determine lifetimes for all objects Works with the garbage collector Implementation of free() depends on collector Goal: Incremental, “eager” memory reclamation Results: reduce GC load, improve performance Potential: 1.7X performance malloc / free vs GC in tight heaps (Hertz & Berger, OOPSLA 2005)

6. Outline Motivation Analysis Runtime support Experimental evaluation Conclusions

7. FreeMe Analysis Goal: Determine when an object becomes unreachable Not a whole-program analysis * Idea: pointer analysis + liveness Pointer analysis for reachability Liveness analysis for when Within a method, for allocation site “ p = new A ” where can we place a call to “ free(p) ”? I’ll describe the interprocedural parts later

8. Pointer Analysis idName symbolTable readToken String Identifier (global) id String idName = stream.readToken(); Identifier id = symbolTable.lookup(idName); if (id == null) { id = new Identifier(idName); symbolTable.add(idName, id); } computeOn(id); Connectivity graph Variables Allocation sites Globals (statics) Analysis algorithm Flow-insensitive, field-insensitive

9. Pointer Analysis in more depth (1) Data Structures

10. void function(A p1, A p2, A p3) { v1 = new O p1.f = v1 p2 = p1.f p3 = p1 } Pointer Analysis in more depth (2) Calculating the Points-To relation p1 N p1 N I1 p2 N p2 N I2 p3 N p3 N I3 v1 O1

11. Interprocedural component Detection of factory methods Return value is a new object Can be freed by the caller Effects of methods called Describes how parameters are connected Compilation strategy: Summaries pre-computed for all methods Free-me only applied to hot methods String idName = stream.readToken(); symbolTable.add(idName, id); Hashtable.add : (0 → 1) (0 → 2)

12. Generating summaries in more depth p1 Np1Np1 Np1Np1 N I1 p2 Np2Np2 Np2Np2 N I2 p3 Np3Np3 Np3Np3 N I3 v1 O1 void function(A p1, A p2, A p3) { v1 = new O p1.f = v1 p2 = p1.f p3 = p1 } Getfield is needed because a single pointer link in summary may represent multiple pointers in the callee

13. The need for liveness analysis Liveness identifies when objects become unreachable, not just whether or not they escape idName symbolTable readToken String Identifier (global) id

14. Adding Liveness Key : idName readToken String Identifier (global) An object is reachable only when all incoming pointers are live From a variable:Live range of the variable From a global:Live from the pointer store onward Live from the pointer store until source object becomes unreachable From other object: Reachability is union of all these live ranges

15. Liveness Analysis Computed as sets of edges Variables Heap pointers String idName = stream.readToken(); id = new Identifier(idName); computeOn(id); if (id == null) Identifier id = symbolTable.lookup(idName); symbolTable.add(idName, id); idName (global) readToken String Identifier

16. Where can we free it? Where object exists -minus- Where reachable String idName = stream.readToken(); id = new Identifier(idName); computeOn(id); if (id == null) Identifier id = symbolTable.lookup(idName); symbolTable.add(idName, id); readToken String Compiler inserts call to free(idName)

17. Free placement issues Select earliest point A, eliminate all B: A dom B Deal with double free’s

18. Limitations & Extensions Free-me frees short-lived objects with explicit pointers to them in the code Factory variability Potential extensions: – Container internals interprocedural liveness & pointer analysis || shape analysis – Large data structures Global context sensitive heap model interprocedural liveness & pointer analysis

19. Runtime support for FreeMe Run-time: depends on collector Mark/sweep Free-list: free() operation Generational mark/sweep Unbump: move nursery “bump pointer” backward (LIFO frees) Unreserve: reduce copy reserve Very low overhead Run longer without collecting Size to free defined statically/dynamically (query object)

20. Experimental Evaluation

21. Volume freed – in MB 100% 50% 0% compress 105 jess 263 raytrace 91 mtrt 98 javac 183 jack 271 pseudojbb 180 xalan 8195 antlr 1544716 bloat fop 103 hsqldb 515 jython 348 pmd 822 ps 523 db 74 SPEC benchmarks DaCapo benchmarks Increasing alloc size

22. Volume freed – in MB 100% 50% 0% compress 105 jess 263 raytrace 91 mtrt 98 javac 183 jack 271 pseudojbb 180 xalan 8195 antlr 1544716 bloat fop 103 hsqldb 515 jython 348 pmd 822 ps 523 db 74 0 16 73 24 163 34 1607 673 22230 57 75 278 22 45 FreeMe Mean: 32%

23. Comparing FreeMe & other approaches Stack-like free() allocations of same method Restrict free instrumentation to end of method No factory methods No conditional freeing Uncond Prove objects dead on all paths Influence of free on some paths

24. Mark/sweep – time 20% 15% 6% All benchmarks

25. Mark/sweep – GC time All benchmarks 30% 9%

26. GenMS – time All benchmarks Brings into question all techniques that target short-lived objects

27. GenMS – GC time Why doesn’t this help? Note: the number of GCs is greatly reduced FreeMe mostly finds short- lived objects All benchmarks Nursery reclaims dead objects for free (cost ~ survivors)

28. Bloat – GC time 12%

29. Conclusions FreeMe analysis – Finds many objects to free: often 30% - 60% – Most are short-lived objects GC + explicit free() – Advantage over stack/region allocation: no need to make decision at allocation time Generational collectors – Nursery works very well Mark-sweep collectors – 50% to 200% speedup – Works better as memory gets tighter Embedded applications: Compile-ahead Memory constrained Non-moving collectors

30. Discussion Are the percentages of freed memory good enough ? Is compile-time memory management inherently incompatible with generational copying collection? Abandon techniques that replace nursery? How close is the actual gap between compiler analysis + ‘weaker’ GC aglorithms vs. generational collection