1. Fourth Class Constitution Making

2. Constitution Constituent Power How?: Procedure Decentralization Centralization Step by Step International Community Who? Inclusive Exclusive Who decides? Legitimacy: Treaty, Agreement, Constitution…? Units - Borders? Reconciliation

3. Pairs of values Famously, federalism balances and enables competing values to be secured: Self-rule and shared rule Unity and diversity Uniformity and difference Solidarity and self-reliance Co-operation and competition One challenge in designing a federal system is to capture each of these in a suitable way

4. Other constitutional values Federalism must be combined with other constitutional values, in both spheres of government, for its benefits to be fully secured. These include: Legitimacy Democracy Constitutionalism, including the rule of law Effective and accountable government Mutual respect; a willingness to share power; appreciation of diversity

5. Importance of institutions Importance of specifically federal institutions are obvious (eg division of powers) Institutions of government equally important –Mechanism through which federalism delivered –Mechanism through which other values delivered Institutional design must capture –Aspirations for federalism –Aspirations for government generally

6. General observations Many of the institutions that we presently use were designed for unitary states They need to be fully adapted to the different context of federalism Now plenty of experience with this But range of possibilities is not fixed Increasing experimentation in recent years Eg asymmetry, forms of co-operation

7. Common standards Many federations prescribe certain common standards, applicable to both spheres of government, in the Constitution itself. Typically these apply to: Governance (democracy, accountability, republicanism) Human rights Economic union (mobility of people, economic activity)

8. Constitution of the federal state The Constitution should: –Be made by a suitable process –Create the central & constituent governments –Provide the institutional framework –Provide the federal framework –Provide the means for its own alteration

9. Protection & enforcement A mixture of rigid and flexible Federal quality of amendment procedure Effectively enforced: – Usually, general or specialist constitutional court –Other options? Switzerland (sui generis). USA? NB techniques for conflict avoidance: SA Some internal flexibility eg through co- operation

10. Challenges Making a commitment to federalism Developing a federal culture Building sufficient capacity in smaller, poorer units Ensuring accountability, transparency, responsiveness in all spheres of government and for shared programs Avoiding unproductive competition & disputes Providing flexibility to meet new needs

11. Different Goals of Federalism -Limit governmental powers with Vertical Separation of Powers -Accommodate Diversities -Strengthen Democracy -Conflict – Management -Strengthen and deepen legitimacy of a confederal system (cf. EU)

12. MULTICULTURAL BUT PEACEFUL MULTICULTURAL AND PEACEFUL

13. Switzerland Spain We the Swiss People and Cantons … are determined to live our diver- sity in unity respecting one another;.. Art. 2 Purpose It (Switzerland) shall promote..the cultural diversity of the country The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards, and recognizes and guarantees the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions

14. Specific Problems: Composed Nations Germany Belgium the German People have adopted, by virtue of their constituent power, this Constitution. Belgium is made up of three Communities: the French Community, the Flemish Community, and the German- speaking Community.

15. Turky Croatia of one's own state, based on the Croatian nation's historical right to full sovereignty, The recognition that all Turkish citizens are united in national honour and pride, in national joy and grief, in their rights and duties towards their existence as a nation, in blessings and in burdens, and in every manifestation of national life, and that they have the right to demand a peaceful life based on absolute respect for one another's rights and freedoms, mutual love and fellowship, and the desire for, and belief, in "Peace at home, peace in the world

16. Serbia PREAMBLE: CONSCIOUS OF THE STATE TRA- DITION OF THE SERBIAN PEOPLE AND DETERMINED TO ESTABLISH THE EQUALITY OF ALL THE PEOP- LES LIVING IN SERBIA, THE CITI- ZENS OF SERBIA, AS PART OF THE EUROPEAN FAMILY OF NA- TIONS, AND WITH A PLEDGE FOR MODERN DEMOCRATIC STATE BASED ON PEACE, TOLERANCE, RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS, ON THE RULE OF LAW AND SOCIAL JUSTICE, Persons belonging to a national minority shall have special rights which they exercise individually or in community with others.

17. Russia Bosnia Bosniacs, Croats, and Serbs, as constituent peoples (along with Others), and citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina hereby determi- ne that the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is as follows: We, the multinational people* of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land,

20. European Union DETERMINED to lay the founda- tions of an ever closer union among the PEOPLE‘S of Europe, RESOLVED to establish a citizenship common to nationals of their countries, RESOLVED to continue the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, (Consolidat.Treaties)

21. This Treaty marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen. Treaty EU Common Provisions Art. 2 — to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the nationals of its Member States through the introduction of a citizenship of the Union;

22. Article 17 (ex Article 8) 1.Citizenship of the Union is hereby establi- shed. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall comple- ment and not replace national citizenship. 2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights conferred by this Treaty and shall be subject to the duties imposed thereby.

23. Preamble Draft of European Constitution Convinced that, while remaining proud of their own national identities and history, the peoples of Europe are determined to transcend their ancient divisions and, united ever more closely, to forge acommon destiny, Convinced that, thus "united in its diversity", Europe offers them the best chance of pursuing, with due regard for the rights of each indi- vidual and in awareness of their responsibilities towards future generations and the Earth, the great venture which makes of it a special area of human hope, Grateful to the members of the European Convention for having prepared this Constitution on behalf of the citizens and States of Europe,