1. Hydrogen risk assessment in São Paulo State – Brazil Newton Pimenta Sandro Tomaz Giuseppe Michelino 4 th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2011 12 - 14 September 2011 San Francisco, CA, USA 198_NevesN

2. FONTES: IBGE, DETRAN-SP São Paulo State (SP)  Municipalities: 645  Population:  41 million inhabitants  95% urban  Gross Domestic Product: 34% of the country  21 million vehicles  108,000 industries

3. SP Environmental Protection Agency (CETESB)

4. CETESB Main Objectives  Evaluation of environmental quality Air - Water - Soil  Inspection of environmental pollution sources  Technology transfer in the environmental field  Prevention - environmental licensing  Main focus is outside the walls.

5. VILA SOCÓ - CUBATÃO CITY 04/Feb/1984 GASOLINE PIPELINE RUPTURE FOLLOWED BY FIRE Source: Banco de Imagens da CETESB/1984

6. Source: Petrobrás 500 victims 93 deaths

7. Environmental Licensing Previous and Installation License Operational License Risk Analysis (RA) Licensing - Prevention

8. Installation Amount of Dangerous Substances Region Vulnerability Risk Analysis (RA) Classification Criteria

9. Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) Risk estimation (Societal Risk and Individual Risk) Hazard Identification Consequence Analysis Frequency Analysis

10. CETESB’s Risk Analysis Flowchart Hazardous substance and quantity (RD) Off-site Vulnerability QRA? Consequence Analysis Frequency Analysis Off-site scenarios selection Risk estimation (Societal & Individual) Need risk reduction? Risk reduction measures Risk Management Program NO YES NO YES

11. Risk Management Program (RMP)  Process Safety Information  Management of Change  Operating Procedures  Training  Assuring the Quality and Mechanical Integrity of Critical Equipment  Emergency Response and Control  Investigation of Incidents  Audit of Risk Management Systems

12. Comparison: QRA x RMP  Quantitative Risk Analysis:  Expensive  Subject to greater uncertainties  Time-consuming  Risk Management Program  Not expensive  Simple  Less time used in analysis  Reference Distance supports the decision-making

13. Reference Distance (RD)  Reference Distance (RD)  Maximum distance reached by 0.1 bar overpressure from vapour cloud explosion (1% death).  Instantaneous release of 20% of the inventory of a vessel/tank  Cloud dispersion to Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)  Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE)  Software PHAST 6.54 determines the “worst case” consequences for an explosion.  Chart: RD x Mass

14. Hydrogen RD Chart and VCE Mass (kg)RD (m) 1018 5030 10038 50065 1,00081 1,50093 10,000175 100,000378 LFL Reference Distance (m) Leak source Cloud center Distance to 0.1 bar Hydrogen RD Chart Vapour Cloud Explosion ParameterValue Pasquill Atmospheric StabilityD Wind Speed2 m/s Ambient Temperature25ºC Relative Humidity80% Simulation : weather conditions

15. QRA Risk Management Program (RMP) Population inside RD circle? RD Application YES NO

16. Example of RD Application  Four interconnected hydrogen vessels, each one with 250 kg (total 1,000 kg)  Chart indicates a RD of 81 m  Is there population inside the RD circle? From the figure the answer is YES  Conclusion: the facility must submit a full QRA to CETESB

17. Example of RD Application

18. Discussion  The assumptions may be conservative in some cases. For example: it does not consider any protective system  Initial screening  Covers storage cases  Not for continuous process

19. Conclusion  Not the worst case, but conservative  Simple, easy to aplly and cheaper  Money / time saving

20. Thank you! Obrigado! Brazilian Reference Center for Hydrogen Energy Hydrogen Laboratory at Unicamp Contacts: Sandro Tomazsandrot@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br Giuseppe Michelinogiuseppem@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br Newton Pimentanevesjr@ifi.unicamp.br São Paulo Environmental Protection Agency