1. Intelligence

2. Definitions
Intelligence: The abilities to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.
Achievement: Knowledge or skills gained from experience
Intelligence is not achievement – intelligence makes achievement possible

3. Theories of intelligence What makes up intelligence?
2 factor theory (Charles Spearman):
All behaviors we consider to be intelligent have a common factor = G
G = general intelligence
S = specific factors
Multiple intelligence theories:
Louis Thurstone: 9 separate factors make up intelligence

4. Theories of intelligence
Multiple intelligence theories cont.
Thurstone’s factors of intelligence:
Ability to picture shapes & spatial relationships
Ability to understand perceptual information rapidly & to see the similarities & differences between stimuli
Ability to calculate & recall numbers
Knowledge of meanings of words
Ability to recall information (memory)
Ability to think of words quickly
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
People may be good in one – bad in another but the all together make-up intelligence

5. Theories of intelligence
Multiple intelligence theories cont.
Howard Gardner’s 7 kinds of intelligence:
Linguistic intelligence
Logical mathematical intelligence
Visual – spatial “
Body – kinesthetic “
Musical – rhythmic “
Interpersonal “ sensitivity to others’ feelings
Intrapersonal “ sensitivity to one’s inner feelings

6. Theories of intelligence
Multiple intelligence theories cont.
Triarchic model of intelligence (Sternberg)
Intelligence consists of only three types of ability:
Analytic: ability to take a problem apart and find a solution
Creative: ability to come up with a new or unique solution for a problem
Practical: ability to apply a solution in everyday situations
Aristotle’s productive intelligence

7. Measurement of intelligence
Achievement vs. Aptitude
Achievement: shows or measures current knowledge & skills
Aptitude: designed to predict your ability to learn new skills
What is intelligence? Achievement, aptitude, or both?

8. General IQ Tests Sir Francis Galton (cousin of Charles Darwin)
Created first tests to measure IQ
Theory: certain families were biologically superior – stronger – smarter – more sensitive
(head size, grip strength)

9. General IQ Tests Alfred Binet (1905) – 1st modern intelligence test
Binet assumed intelligence increased with age.
Questions were for different ages
Age 7 and age 18 were good indicators
MA = mental age – shows the intellectual level of a child
CA = chronological age – your age in years

10. Alfred Binet
1916: Binet’s test is brought to the U.S. and revised by Louis Termen at Stanford (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale)
IQ Scale
Above 139 very superior 1%
superior 11%
high avg 18%
average 46%
low avg. 15%
borderline retardation (mild) 6%
EMH (moderate)
TMH (severe)
Below 30 totally dependent (profound)
When Termen began his studies the avg. IQ of 1500 schoolchildren was 150!

11. Wechsler 14 Sub Tests – 7 verbal and 7 performance Verbal:
Information, Comprehension, Arithmetic, Similarities, Vocabulary, Digit Span, and Letter-Number Sequencing
Performance:
Digit Symbol-Coding, Picture Completion, Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, Picture Arrangement, Symbol Search, and Object Assembly

13. What Influences Intelligence
Genetics: (heredity) Studies on twins since they have the same genetic make-up their test scores should be identical.
Most studies suggest that heritability of intelligence is between 40-60%
Environment: Adoptee studies – most studies show that IQ scores of adopted children are more like their biological parents. However, studies have also shown that IQ scores are more alike for pairs who were reared together than for pairs reared apart. This suggests environment may play a role
Home environment
Parenting style
Schooling
Diet/Nutrition

14. Problems with intelligence tests
Environment
Income
Motivation
Diet
Culturally biased