1. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 1 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [Applications of Hybrid RFID] Date Submitted: [08 May, 2008] Source: [Seok Bong Hyun, Sung Weon Kang] Company [ETRI] Address [161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, KOREA] Voice:[+82-42-860-1274], FAX: [+82-42-860-6860], E-Mail:[sbhyun@etri.re.kr] Re: [IEEE 802.15 RFID Study Group Call for Contributions, IEEE P802.15-08-0089-03-rfid.doc] Abstract:[This presentation is a response to the 802.15 RFID Study Group call for contributions] Purpose:[To discuss issues with current RFID and applications of hybrid RFID] Notice:This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release:The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.

2. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 2 Applications of Hybrid RFID Seok Bong Hyun and Sung Weon Kang ETRI May 2008

3. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 3 Contents Issues in current RFID Issues in the IEEE 802 standards Features of Hybrid RFID/WPAN Hybrid RFID Applications Comparison Summary

4. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 4 Issues in current RFID (1/2) Incomplete specification of Semi-Active (Passive) sensor networks –ISO 18000-6C for class-3 tags describes battery assisted tags. –Air interface protocol according to EPC/ISO passive mode operation (ASK backscatter reflection) may reduce the communication range. –ISO 18000-7 (active 433MHz) does not specify semi-active operation. Digital Power ISO/IEC 18000-6C + ISO/IEC 24753 Non-Volatile Memory Sensor Sensor Interface Power Analog Power Selector Battery 860~960MHz Tag Chip RFID Interrogator Back-scatter Reflection 4W EIRP (USA) 0.5W ERP (EU)

5. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 5 Issues in current RFID (2/2) Standardization related to real-time location systems (RTLS) –RFID based on the EPCglobal protocol cannot be used in the RTLS. –There are a few proprietary (pre-standard) RTLS tags in the market. Reliability / Security –Error-rate depends on environments Communication range –Limited read range (< 10m) of EPC/ISO RFID Multi-reader (interrogator) collision –Signal from one reader can interfere with the signal from another. Integration with a new or existing IEEE 802 standard –ISO RFID standards and IEEE 802.15.4/4a/TG6

6. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 6 RFID Standards ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3 RFID for Item Management Air Interface (ISO 18000) ISO/IEC 18000-1 - Generic parameters - Air interface ISO/IEC 18000-2 - Parameters for air interface below 135 kHz ISO/IEC 18000-3 - Parameters for air interface at 13.56 MHz –includes Mode 1 (15693) and Mode 2 (PJM) –draft includes Mode 3 (13,56 physical - Gen 2 logical) ISO/IEC 18000-4 - Parameters for air interface at 2.45 GHz ISO/IEC 18000-6 - Parameters for air interface at 860-960 MHz –includes Type A and Type B (INCITS 256) –includes Type C (EPCglobal Gen2) –draft includes battery-assist (PowerPaper and Intelleflex) ISO/IEC 18000-7 - Parameters for active air interface at 433.92 MHz

7. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 7 Issues in the IEEE 802 standards Existing IEEE 802 standards do not support battery-less operation –It is necessary to retrieve information even when the battery is fully discharged. Example : Implantable device, buried sensor, tire pressure monitor (TPMS) –Specification of passive or semi-active operation Energy transfer or harvesting mechanism Implantable device Interrogator

8. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 8 Features of Hybrid RFID/WPAN Semi-active operation –Introduce semi-active operation to IEEE 802 PHY/MAC –Sensor devices (“nodes”) receive there operating energy from an RF carrier or energy harvesting module during an interval between active states. Utilization of a wide range of material as a transmission medium –Human body, Metal, liquids, … CW (Charging) time Sensing Link

9. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 9 Hybrid RFID Applications EPC/ISO RFID with human body communication –Identification information is transferred via human body channel –“Touch-ID” for secure and handy communication ID information in a wearable device Human body as a transmission medium Hands-free operation RFID reader in a wearable device

10. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 10 RFID in the Healthcare Applications Supply chain management Hospital Asset management Security and access control management Consumer (patient) applications –Doctor/Patient Tracking Current RFID standards are not enough to satisfy requirements in some applications. U.S. Institute of Medicine reported that more than 44,000 people die each year as a result of preventable medical errors. (Ref: L Kohn et.al., “To Err is Human: Building a safer health system,” National Academy Press, 2000) RFID is expected to be a solution 

11. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 11 Hybrid RFID in Healthcare Reduce wrong drug/blood or dosage –Current UHF RFID is not appropriate due to accuracy problem. –13.56MHz RFID has been used. –Hybrid RFID can improve accuracy and convenience. Identification and sensing by touching Pfizer decided to incorporate RFID tag into the packaging in US. In Korea, 7 special medicine will be traced using RFID. The Infectious medical waste should be tracked using RFID due to environmental Law (from 2008).

12. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 12 Comparison EPC/ISO RFIDWPAN (IEEE 15.4/15.1)Hybrid RFID Power consumptionVery low ( a few uW)Low ( a few mW)Very low Transmission medium Air Air/Human body Data Rate  640kbps 40kbps typical 250kbps (15.4) ~ 10Mbps ~ Mbps Frequency 125~135kHz, 13.56MHz 433.9MHz 860~960MHz, 2450MHz 868/915MHz 2400~2484MHz ~100MHz (body) 860~960MHz (air) Accuracy (Error rate) Normal (Error > 0.1%) Good ( < 0.1%) Good ( < 0.1%) Battery None (Passive) Necessary (Active) NecessaryOptional Energy transmission or harvesting EM wave (Passive) None (Active) None EM wave, direct current

13. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 13 Summary Current EPC/ISO RFID standards are not sufficient for semi-active operation Hybrid RFID can improve convenience and performance –Data accuracy, reliability and security Hybrid RFID applications

14. doc.: IEEE 802.15- Submission May 2008 S. B. Hyun and S.W. Kang (ETRI)Slide 14 Thank you