1. Business Department Session 6 Exam Question –Draw Network diagram –Identify Critical path –Sketch Gantt Chart –‘Crash’ the project Reduce the project completion time

2. Business Department 2 Project Constraints Time CostQuality / Scope

3. Business Department 3 Project Scheduling 86% of all projects that fail, fail due to poor project planning Only 16% of IT projects complete on budget and on time (Standish Group 2000) Project objectives inadequately defined Project activities inadequately established Project activities inadequately quantified Poor overall project planning

4. Business Department 4 Project Scheduling Planning of timetables and establishment of dates of activities Reduce or eliminate uncertainty To improve efficiency Better understanding of the objectives Provides a basis for monitoring and controlling work

5. Business Department 5 Aim of Project Scheduling Establish at any given time the cost and time spent on the project Establish the additional cost of accelerating the project Establish the level of resources required for each activity Two methods of scheduling Gantt Charts Network analysis (CPM)

6. Business Department 6 Simple Gantt Chart

7. Business Department 7 Sample Gantt Chart

8. Business Department 8 Network Diagram Schematic display of the project activities and the logical relationships (dependencies) between them Activity-on-node L K J G F Finish Start

9. Business Department 9 Network Diagram Schematic display of the project activities and the logical relationships (dependencies) between them Activity-on- arrow 1 5 4 3 2

10. Business Department 10 Network diagrams 1 2 Node Arrow 1 2 Node Arrow

11. Business Department 11 Activity-on-the-node 1 Add coffee to cup Boil water Heat milk Add milk and water to cup 234

12. Business Department 12 Activity-on-the-arrow 1 23 4 Add coffee to cup Boil water Heat milk Add milk and water to cup

13. Business Department 13 Network Analysis A.Taxi to airport (1 hour) B.Wait at airport (2 hours) C.Fly to destination (3 hours) D.Coach to hotel (1 hour) A BC 7 1 3 60 D

14. Business Department 14 Network Analysis 1.1 Furniture 1.2 Equipment 1.3 Carpets 1.4 Paint 1.5 F&F 1.0 Purchase 6 weeks 2.1 Furniture 2.2 Carpets 2.3 F&F 2.0 Strip-out 2 weeks 3.1 Walls 3.2 Woodwork 3.0 Decoration 4 weeks 4.1 Equipment 4.2 Furniture 4.3 F&F 4.4 Carpet 4.0 Installation 2 weeks Office Refurbishment

15. Business Department 15 Network Analysis StartPurchase 6 weeks Decoration 4 weeks Strip-out 2 weeks Installation 2 weeks Finish 14 weeks

16. Business Department 16 Logic Table 1.0Purchase-6 weeks 2.0Strip-out-2 weeks 3.0Decoration1.0, 2.04 weeks 4.0Installation1.0, 2.0, 3.02 weeks WBS codeDescriptionDependencyDuration

17. Business Department 17 Network Analysis Start Purchase 6 weeks Decoration 4 weeks Strip-out 2 weeks Installation 2 weeks Finish 12 weeks

18. Business Department 18 Critical Path Total project time = total duration of activities on critical path Critical Path = longest duration path through the network Activities that lie on the critical path have no slack time Delay on activities that lie on the critical path delay the project as a whole

19. Business Department 19 Fully Analysed Network A

20. Business Department 20 Fully Analysed Network Earliest Start Time (EST) Earliest Finish Time (EFT) Latest Start Time (LST) Latest Finish Time (LFT) Float Duration Activity code & Name

21. Business Department 21 Logic Table ActivityDependencyDuration A-3 BA2 CA3 DB, C5 EB7 FD, E5

22. Business Department 22 Create Network Start 3 B C D E F FINISH A 2 35 7 5

23. Business Department 23 Forward pass Total Project time Work from left to right through the network Earliest start time for each activity (EST) Earliest finish time for each activity (EFT) –EFT = EST + Duration

24. Business Department 24 Forward Pass Start 3 B C D E F FINISH A 2 35 7 503 35 36611 512 17

25. Business Department 25 Backward Pass Critical path Work from right to left through the network Latest finish time for each activity (LFT) Latest start time for each activity (LST) –LST = LFT – Duration Float (slack time) = LFT-EFT Critical Path Activities –EST = LST and EFT = LFT

26. Business Department 26 Backward Pass Start 3 B C D E F FINISH A 2 35 7 503 35 36611 512 17 12 0 50 7 1 74 1 5 3 0 300

27. Business Department 27 Fully Analysed Network 0 Start A 33 0 0 0 3 B 2 5 3 3 05 C 36 3 4 17 D 511 6 7 112 E 7 5 5 0 F 517 12 017 FINISH 17

28. Business Department 28 Weighted Average Technique Project evaluation and review technique (PERT) a = optimistic time: –Time required if execution goes extremely well b = pessimistic time: –Time required if execution goes badly m = most likely time: –Time required if execution is normal

29. Business Department 29 Weighted Average Technique Beta Distribution Mean duration for each activity = a + 4m + b 6

30. Business Department 30 Final Logic Table ActivityDepend OptimisticMost likely Pessimistic Mean (d) A-789 BA258 CA369 DC, B123 EB7815

31. Business Department 31 Critical Path Mean time for each activity (u) = (a + 4m + b) 6 Mean activity A= (7 + (4x8) + 9) /6 = 8 Mean activity B = (2 + (4x5) + 8) /6 = 5 Mean activity C= (3 + (4x6) + 9) /6= 6 Mean activity D = (1 + (4x2) + 3) /6= 2 Mean activity E = (7 + (4x8) + 15) /6= 9

32. Business Department 32 Final Logic Table ActivityDepend OptimisticMost likely Pessimistic Mean (d) A-7898 BA2585 CA3696 DB, C1232 ED78159

33. Business Department 33 Fully Analysed Network A 88 0 0 08 B 513 8 9 114 C 6 8 8 0 D 212 14 012 E 925 16 025

34. Business Department Next lecture For Next Thursday Chapter 6 –Project Re-Scheduling