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NUCLEAR POWER: PROSPECTS in the 21 st CENTURY WPUI - Advances in Nuclear Mike Corradini Nuclear Engr. & Engr. Physics WINS: Wisconsin Institute of Nuclear.

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Presentation on theme: "NUCLEAR POWER: PROSPECTS in the 21 st CENTURY WPUI - Advances in Nuclear Mike Corradini Nuclear Engr. & Engr. Physics WINS: Wisconsin Institute of Nuclear."— Presentation transcript:

1 NUCLEAR POWER: PROSPECTS in the 21 st CENTURY WPUI - Advances in Nuclear Mike Corradini Nuclear Engr. & Engr. Physics WINS: Wisconsin Institute of Nuclear Systems www.energy.wisc.edu

2 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Background Information n Population continues to increase worldwide (US/Europe: 2%/yr) n Energy usage is growing more rapidly (US/Europe: ~1%/yr; Asia: >8%/yr) 400 quads (2000) and 444 quads (2004) n Electrical energy use also increases (US/Europe: ~2%/yr; Asia: >5%/yr) Energy is the vital physical force behind our system

3 Population and Energy Consumption Growth (1970-2025) Sources: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2000 US Bureau of the Census, International Database Actual Projected Energy Consumption Developing Countries Developed Countries WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008

4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Conditions for Energy Sustainability: u Adequate supply of energy resource u Acceptable land usage for energy & fuel cycle u Minimal by-product streams u Economically feasible technology u Neither the power source nor the technology to exploit it can be controlled by a few nations “Business as usual” cannot continue for energy without suffering from unintended consequences

5 Coal and Uranium Resources (EIA-2004) Reserve: ~ 5 million mtons @ $80/kg Global Consumption: ~0.06 mill-mtons/yr Global Consumption: >6 bill-tons/yr Reserve: <10 3 billion tons @ $50/ton

6 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Environmental Impacts: Area Requirements (km 2 / MW; Source - J. Davidson, 2006) Nuclear 0.001/0.01 Biomass 5.2 Geothermal 0.003 Coal 0.01/0.04 1000 MW POWER PLANT RUNNING @ 100 % CAPACITY (8766 GWh/YEAR)

7 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 1000 Mwe-yr Power Plant Emissions COAL GAS NUCLEAR Sulfur-oxide ~ 1000 mt Nitrous-oxide ~ 5000 mt 400 mt Particulates ~ 1400 mt Ash (solids) ~ 1million mt CO 2 > 7million mt 3.5mill. mt Trace elements ~ 1mt** ~ 1 kg ** Volatilized heavy metals: e.g., Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic Spent Fuel20-30 mt Fission Products~1 mt EIA - 2004

8 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Environmental Impact: US Sources of Emission-Free Generation (2004) Wind <0.4 % Photovoltaic <0.1% Geothermal 1.3% Hydro 29.1% Nuclear 69.1% Source: EIA

9 UW CEO Conference Cost of Electricity (2004 U.S. Average) (¢/kWhr) * 2006: J. Davidson, Univ. Minn.

10 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear Future Energy Choices n What can be done in the short-term (~1yr) ? u Improved energy efficiency (driven by law/cost) n What can be done in the mid-term (~ 10yr)? u Seek proven alternatives that do not exacerbate the situation (nuclear, hybrid cars, ‘cleaner’ coal, wind?) n What can be done in the long-term (10-50yr)? u Invest in R&D for major new technology gains (advanced nuclear, electric cars, biofuels, solar-PV) n We need to make conscious choices => NUCLEAR for baseload electricity

11 http://www.energy.wisc.edu WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Top 10 Nuclear Countries (2000)

12 Capacity Factors Improvement ‘80 ‘85 ‘90 ‘95 ‘00 55% 65% 75% 85% 95% 86.8% in 1999 89.6% in 2000 90.7% in 2001 91.7% in 2002 NEI - 2004 Source: NEI

13 Lowest Electricity Production Costs ‘80 ‘85 ‘90 ‘95 ‘00 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 (cents/kilowatt-hour) 2.09 ¢/kWh in 1998 1.90 ¢/kWh in 1999 1.81 ¢/kWh in 2000 1.68 ¢/kWh in 2001 EIA - 2004 Source: NEI

14 License Renewal:Extends Value 1 Under construction 104 Plants: 48 NPP Extended 30 NPP Applied 22 NPP In-process 1 Under construction

15 44 NPP Extended 34 NPP Applied 22 NPP Being Considered

16 New Nuclear Plants Under Consideration Company Location (Existing Plant) ESP Design (Units) COL Submittal Alternate Energy Holdings / Unistar Owyhee County, IDStraight to COLEPR (1)FY 2009 Amarillo Power / UnistarVicinity of Amarillo, TXStraight to COLEPR (1)FY 2009 AmerenUE / UnistarCallaway County, MO (Callaway)Straight to COLEPR (1)FY 2008 Constellation / UniStarCalvert County, MD (Calvert Cliffs)Straight to COLEPR (1) Partial – Under Review - FY 2008 Constellation / UniStar Oswego County, NY (Nine Mile Point) Straight to COLEPR (1)FY 2009 DominionLouisa County, VA (North Anna)Approved November 2007ESBWR (1)Under Review DTE EnergyFermi, MI (Fermi)TBD FY 2008 DukeOconee County, SC (Oconee)ConsideringTBD DukeDavie County, NCConsideringTBD DukeCherokee County, SC (Lee)Straight to COLAP1000 (2)Under Review Entergy West Felciana Parish, LA (River Bend) Straight to COLESBWR (1)FY 2008 ExelonVictoria County, TXStraight to COLESBWR (2)FY 2008

17 Company Location (Existing Plant) ESP Design (Units) COL Submittal ExelonClinton, IL (Clinton)Approved March 2007TBD Florida Power & LightMiami-Dade County, FL (Turkey Point)TBD FY 2009 LuminantGlen Rose, TX (Comanche Peak)Straight to COLAPWR (2)FY 2008 NRG/STPNOC Matagorda County, TX (South Texas Project) Straight to COLABWR (2)Under Review NuStart Energy (Entergy) Claiborne County, MS (Grand Gulf)Approved April 2007ESBWR (1)Under Review NuStart Energy (TVA)Jackson County, AL (Bellefonte)Straight to COLAP1000 (2)Under Review PPL Corp. / UnistarLuzerne County, PA (Susquehanna)Straight to COLEPR (1)FY 2009 Progress EnergyWake County, NC (Harris)Straight to COLAP1000 (2)Under Review Progress EnergyLevy County, FLStraight to COLAP1000 (2)FY 2008 South Carolina Electric & Gas Fairfield County, SC (V.C. Summer)Straight to COLAP1000 (2)FY 2008 Southern Co.Burke County, GA (Vogtle)Approval expected 2009AP1000 (2)FY 2008 New Nuclear Plants Under Consideration

18 Potential Locations for New Nuclear Plants

19 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Nuclear Fission produces Energy Energy from the fission products takes the form of local heating of the solid fuel rod A neutron is absorbed by a uranium atom, breaking into fission products & hi-speed neutrons Energy released is over million times larger than any carbon fuel To continue the fission reaction, the hi-speed neutrons are moderated by water as a coolant

20 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Fission controlled in a Nuclear Reactor Steam Generator (Heat Exchanger) Pump STEAM Water Fuel Rods Control Rods Coolant and Moderator Pressure Vessel and Shield Connect to Rankine Cycle

21 http://www.energy.wisc.edu PWR Containment

22 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems 195019601970198019902000201020202030 Gen IV Generation IV o Highly economical o Enhanced Safety o Minimized Wastes o Proliferation Resistance o Highly economical o Enhanced Safety o Minimized Wastes o Proliferation Resistance Gen I Generation I Early Prototype Reactors Shippingport Dresden,Fermi-I Magnox Gen II Generation II Commercial Power Reactors LWR: PWR/BWR CANDU VVER/RBMK Gen III Generation III Advanced LWRs System 80+ ABWR, EPR AP1000 ESBWR

23 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Nuclear Power Safety n Current nuclear power plants have high levels of safety: i.e., reliable operation, low occupational radioactivity dose to workers and with minimal risk and health effects n As the number of nuclear plants increase worldwide, the level of safety must improve n Future nuclear reactors (Gen III) will exceed the safety of current plants (prevention/mitigation) by more than 10x n Key physical traits would allow ample time for operator actions to insure improved safety performance; e.g., passive heat removal, improved instrumentation, minimize transients.

24 http://www.energy.wisc.edu Emerging Energy Technology Summit 2007 Advanced LWR: ABWR

25 http://www.energy.wisc.edu Advanced LWR: EPR

26 Advanced LWR: AP-1000

27 Advanced LWR: ESBWR

28 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Nuclear Power Fuel Cycle [1000 MWe-yr – (A) Once Thru (B) U-Pu recycle] Mining/Milling Convert/Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Reactor (1000MWe) Reprocessing Plant Milling waste stream Conv/Enrich Waste Tails Fuel Fabrication Waste Spent Fuel as Waste Reprocessing Waste (FP) U 3 O 8 &daughters (A)10 mt (B) 6mt UF 6 &daughters (A) 167mt(B) 0.5mt (A) 205mt (B)120mt (A) 37mt (B)11.5mt (A) 36.8mt (B) 36.4mt (U-Pu) (A) 35.7 mt U, 0.32mt Pu (B) 35mt U, 0.5mt Pu (B) 1.1 mt U, 5kg Pu UO 2 & daughters (A) 0.2mt (B) 0.16mt

29 Spent Nuclear Fuel Recycling of Spent Nuclear Fuel has technical advantages: Most is U and Pu, which can be recycled and ‘burned’ Most radiotoxicity is in long-lived fission products and the minor actinides, which can be transmuted and/or disposed in much smaller packages 1 metric tonne of SNF* contains: 955.4 kg U 8.5 kg Pu (5.1 kg 239 Pu) Minor actinides (MAs): 0.5 kg 237 Np 0.6 kg Am 0.02 kg Cm Long-lived fission products (LLFPs): 0.2 kg 129 I 0.8 kg 99 Tc 0.7 kg 93 Zr 0.3 kg 135 Cs Short-lived fission products (SLFPs): 1.0 kg 137 Cs 0.7 kg 90 Sr *33,000 MWD/MT, 10 yr cooling Other Plutonium 0.9 % Minor Actinides 0.1% Other Long-Lived Fission Products 0.1 % Long-lived I and Tc 0.1% Short-lived Cs and Sr 0.2% Stable Fission Products 3.1% Uranium 95.5%

30 http://www.energy.wisc.edu Emerging Energy Technology Summit 2007 HLW Composition*

31 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Nuclear Power High Level Waste (HLW) n All nuclear fuel cycle waste (except HLW) has been safely and reliably disposed through DoE and NRC regulations; milling, enrichment, fabrication as LLW n Since 1982, US law ‘defines’ spent nuclear fuel as HLW, since reprocessing has not occurred since 1976 (Japan & Europe is where reprocessing does occur) n Spent fuel is currently stored at ~104 nuclear power plant sites (~ 2000 mt/yr; total ~50,000 mt) and planned to be stored and buried at one site in the US (currently Yucca Mtn) n All nuclear electricity is taxed at 1mill/kwhre for a HLW fund (~ $0.8 billion/yr; total ~ $20 billion) n HLW radiation exposure at disposal site less than natural background radiation levels in that region

32 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 Generation IV Reactor Systems n Safety: meet and exceed current nuclear power plant reliability, occupational radiation exposure and risk of accident consequences n Economics: reduce the total cost of electricity ($/Mwhr-e) to remain competitive with other leading baseload technologies (e.g., coal and natural gas) n Sustainability: minimize waste streams with spent fuel disposal and/or reprocess and recycle n Provide for proliferation resistance and facility physical protection

33 Process Heat for Synfuel Production Hydrogen CxHy Carbon Recycle 200 C 1000 C Thermochemical Processes LM Condensed Phase Reforming (pyrolysis) Aqueous-phase Carbohydrate Reforming (ACR) H2, CO2 CATALYST AQUEOUS CARBOHYDRATE

34 Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) o Characteristics o Helium coolant o 1000°C outlet temp. o 600 MWth o Water-cracking cycle o Key Benefit o High thermal efficiency o Hydrogen production by water-cracking

35 GAS-COOLED REACTOR

36 Advanced fuel cycles LWRs/ALWRs Thermal Recycle Full Recycle Generation IV Reactors Fresh U Advanced Fuel Reprocessing w/o Pu Separation

37 WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008 GENIV: Liq.Metal-cooled Fast Reactor Basic viability of sodium-cooled fast reactor technology has been demonstrated Low pressure primary coolant - Outlet temperature of 500-550 o C Pool configuration - Pumps and heat exchangers contained - Loop configurations favored by Japan Heat exchanged to secondary coolant for energy conversion system - Rankine steam generator or supercritical CO 2 Brayton High power density core - 250 kW/l (vs. 75 kW/l for LWR) - High fuel enrichment (>20% fissile) Passive decay heat removal - Either from pool heat exchangers or air cooling of reactor vessel Favorable inherent safety behavior

38 www.energy.wisc.edu Thanks! Questions? www.energy.wisc.edu

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