1. 1 PGM Department IK and ISK Respect for Indigenous Spatial Knowledge Understanding mental maps

2. 2 PGM Department Naive Geography – “real space” Real space tightly coupled with Time Distances are non linear Distances are asymmetric Key nodes are the interest, not the space between – space jumps Fuzzy, Flexible, boundaries & zones Layered zones Continuous or discrete space Uncertain and Restricted spaces

3. 3 PGM Department Representing Real Space Natural language uses near, far, islotaed, crowded, etc. 3 Dimensions of space not universal. E.gs. of Ethnospace adding diurnal, seasonl, centrality, zenith, nadir Jumping scale Spatial learning – Landmarks, Routes, Survey Area Space includes soundscape, smellscape

4. 4 PGM Department Gendered ISK & Genderising GIS GIS as ‘masculinist’, materialist positivist technology handles only discrete, bounded, pre-defined units of analysis, and unable to cope with ambiguity, fuzziness, abstract concepts or synthesis, and straight-jacketing emotions and spiritual values. GIS is missing reflexivity, & ignoring qualitative info “feminisation of GIS”. Hall 1996, Kwan 2002, …

5. 5 PGM Department Reproducing Cosmo space Incorporating or Inscribing Incorporating: ceremony, stories, dance, song Singing geospatial pictograms - songlines Inscribing: reports, maps, cadastres

6. 6 PGM Department Stewardship of the Land Maori : Tapu – respect for resources Mana - authority Mauri - Life force life energy Stewardship - Land is held in trust: NZ, India, islamic law, Solomon Islands, First Nations International Court of Justice, FoE : “our grandchildren´s grandchildren”

7. 7 PGM Department Representing land tenure Customary Land Tenure System e.g. Aboriginal Australia Market-oriented Land Tenure e.g. Australian Cadastral System Spiritual physical connection to landLand as a marketable commodity Communal Ownership. Stewardship.Register land with cadastre. Exclusive ownership. Land transferred through inheritanceTransfer land sale, lease, inheritance. Evidence tenure via song, dance, stories, pictures, ceremony – ‘incorporating’ Written Records by Certificate of Title granted by state. Long-term ‘inscribed’ storage in databases. Boundaries are ‘limits of influence’ topography, sacred spaces. Boundaries geodetic, demarcated by monuments. State regulation. Overlapping rights, responsibilities, negotiate with neighbour peoples Rights on neighbouring lands restricted & controlled by the State Soft boundariesHard boundaries Temporary/Seasonally flexible bound Richer Meanings – holistic GIS cannot handle – Maybe PGIS Mostly fixed boundaries Preciser meanings - reductionist

8. 8 PGM Department ´Claiming Our Land´ - Demarcating Customary Lands & Traditional Boundaries Identify areas of Use and Occupancy Priorities for Claims Evaluation of Scenarios – of alternative land management Prep. for Court Procedures – rigour, accuracy, appearance

9. 9 PGM Department GIS & Maps in Land Claims “A map is likely to enhance a court’s understanding, synthesis, and resolution of a land dispute” “GIS [is] a useful tool in bridging the gap between traditional landscape images and the demand for formal cartographic representations of land necessary for land claim negotiation.” “the key text for modern states to take over resource tenure is the map”

10. 10 PGM Department Maps and Land Titling - a Warning “.. mapping of land titling oversimplifies overlapping claims from different family members and reduces them to simplistic 2-D space of ‘household title’ – leads to exclusion, dispossession, & conflicts” (Ganjanapan 1994)

11. 11 PGM Department Respect for People’s Land Rights Concepts of Land ISK as symbolic, emotional, and visionary knowledge – Cultural, historical, & spiritual values of land. Land in the stewardship of people. Land determines activity spaces and responsibility spaces.

12. 12 PGM Department ISK / ITK - Indigenous (Spatial) Technical Knowledge IK and scientific knowledge are not always so different. ITK/ISK maybe more accurate because embodies generations of practical knowledge, and works in interactive, holistic systems. Examples: Interpret satellite images of land capability with Bedu shepherds Jordan (Patrick 2002); ITK of grazing lands in Burkina Faso (Sedogo 2002); Australia: mapping ITK of valuable vegetation types Senegal River valley: comparison farmers’ & scientific soil classifications (Tabor & Hutchinson 1994);

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16. 16 PGM Department Mapping Local Urban Resources

17. 17 PGM Department Equity & Legitimacy - Gendered Space Spatial knowledge is a form of power over space and power over behaviour. Gendered spaces are different in character and value and use. Women’s space may be very restricted (due to culture, or danger) Women’s space may not be visible, nor easily transferable to GIS

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21. 21 PGM Department Poverty & Conservation Sketch Map, Mali village

22. 22 PGM Department Other Mental maps Children´s mental maps urban examples Animals´Mental maps

23. 23 PGM Department Children´s Map of Beacon Park

24. 24 PGM Department P-GIS in Conflict Management Conflict mapping Fuzzy and flexible boundaries, Conflicts over land, land resources, access to resources, ownership of resources, Or, conflicts between different forms of ownership or entitlements Counter mapping

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28. 28 PGM Department Cultural-Historical Identity > Building the Community - Promote Community awareness - Cultural Historical Knowledge > local history - Community development of GIS strengthened Ifugao historical cultural consciousness and prepared for negotiations. - Sacred Lands - Land for the Ancestors

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30. 30 PGM Department Mental Maps – Los Angeles white elite, black, hispanic

31. 31 PGM Department Rosario, Argentina

32. 32 PGM Department Community Green Map, James Bay

33. 33 PGM Department Bostonian´s Image

34. 34 PGM Department New Yorker´s Image of the USA

35. 35 PGM Department Jefferson City - watersheds

36. 36 PGM Department Ownership of Spatial Data o gathering, hunting, fishing, grazing, woodfuel o waterholes. o boundaries of culture areas, clans, tribes. o customary property demarcations within a cultural boundary, e.g. by clan, lineage, household, o historic places o ancestral grounds, sacred areas, buried art o indigenous place names, cosmological (creation) locations.

37. 37 PGM Department Maori Indigenous Values of Land (Harmsworth)

38. 38 PGM Department How is Ownership protected? o concealed files linked to GIS o overlay only at a crude scale o hyperlink to an accepted authority figure

39. 39 PGM Department Questions of ownership (Rambaldi) Who decides on what is “important”? Who owns l the pictorial language, l its graphic vocabulary and l the resulting message? Who owns the Legend?