1. Navigation 404-04 Ground School CI Pesto

2. Topics of Discussion Today Time, Speed, and Distance Calculations Solving TVMDC Questions 1 in 60 Rule E6B Calculations of the circular side

3. Time, Speed, Distance Speed, Time and Distance are related by the equation: Speed = Distance Time -Given any of the two variables, the other can be found using this equation

4. Questions! Speed = Distance Time Speed = 65 KM 0.5 Hrs *Note: Times need to be converted into hours Speed = 130 KM/Hr

5. More Questions! Time = Distance Speed Time = 200 Km 100 km/Hr Time = 2 Hrs

6. Questions Cont. Distance = Speed × Time Distance = 50 Km/Hr × 3 Hrs Distance = 150 Km

7. Speed Conversions Knots to MPHMultiply by 1.15 MPH to KnotsDivide by 1.15 KPH to KnotsMultiply by 0.54 KPH to MPHMultiply by 0.62

8. Time Conversions Hours to MinutesMultiply by 60 Minutes to HoursDivide by 60

9. Time Conversion Q’s HoursMinutes 1 hr 270 mins 3.25 hrs 45 mins

10. Time in Flight To find the time in flight, divide the distance by the ground speed. The time to fly 120NM at a ground speed of 80 knots is: 120 ÷ 80 = 1.5 hrs (1.5 hrs × 60 = 90 mins) 1 hr and 30 mins

11. Distance To find the distance flown in a given time, multiply groundspeed by time. The distance flown in 1 hr. 45 min. at a ground speed of 120 knots is: 120 × 1.75 = 210 NM (1hr 45min = 105 min ÷ 60 = 1.75hrs)

12. Ground Speed To find the ground speed, divide the distance flown by the time. An airplane flies 270 NM in 3 hrs. The ground speed is 270 ÷ 3 = 90 knots

13. Who Remembers TVMDC?

14. TVMDC True Heading Variation Magnetic Heading Deviation Compass Heading Or: TV MAKES DUMB CADETS

15. Useful or No? Why?

16. Finding Magnetic Heading Use your True Heading and Variation to find your Magnetic Heading This is important because Variation can cause a big difference between the direction you want to go, and the direction that you actually go!

17. Examples True HeadingVariation Magnetic Heading 165 ∘ 5 ∘ East 280 ∘ 4 ∘ West 15 ∘ 8 ∘ West 88 ∘ 16 ∘ East

18. Finding Compass Heading Using your Magnetic Heading and Deviation to find your Compass Heading We do this because there are errors in the compass due to manufacturing, age, friction etc. that may cause the compass to not point exactly the way you want to go

19. Examples Magnetic Heading Deviation Compass Heading 95 ∘ 4 ∘ West 180 ∘ 8 ∘ East 360 ∘ 1 ∘ West 278 ∘ 12 ∘ East

20. All Together Now! True Heading Variation Magnetic Heading Deviation Compass Heading 180 ∘ 3 ∘ East4 ∘ West 270 ∘ 6 ∘ West2 ∘ West 10 ∘ 5 ∘ East7 ∘ East 145 ∘ 4 ∘ West8 ∘ East

21. The “One in Sixty” Rule An error in the track of one degree will cause an error in position of about one mile in a distance of 60 miles. Example: 3 degrees off track will cause an aircraft to be 3 miles out to the side.

23. The E6B (Flight Computer) For your Entrance Exam, you wont have to know the wind side of the E6B, only the Circular Side This is the side that can be used to quickly work out conversions with out the use of a calculator or paper and pen

24. The E6B Workings The outside ring is distance and velocity The inside ring is time All calculations can be done without using the flight computer by using the following formula: V =DV-velocity TD-distance T-time

27. The E6B Cont. The inner circle is made to rotate so you can line up the numbers in your equation to find the answer The formulas and instructions are written on the inner circle for you if you forget

28. E6B Cont. Velocity To find Velocity, you move your inner circle so that your time is under your distance. The velocity will then be indicated over the black arrow at the “60 marker”

29. E6B Cont. Time Likewise, if you are looking for time, you move the black triangle under your velocity, and find your distance on the outer circle. Your time will be on the inner circle underneath the distance

30. E6B Cont. Distance To find the distance, move the black triangle under your velocity and use your time on the inner circle to show the distance on the outer circle shown above the time.

31. Review VelocityDistanceTime 70 MPH21 Mi 110 MPH11 min 40 Mi30 min 210 MPH1 hr 12 min 180 MPH30 Mi

32. And Thats It! Best of Luck on the Test! ~Questions~