1. COLLEGE - LIMASSOL BUSINESS STUDIES European History Lecture 12

2. Topics  History of the European Union, European Integration, and Post-Cold War Era.  The Schengen Agreement, 1985.  The Treaty of European Union, 1992.  The establishment of Euro, 1999.  The Treaty in Rome, 2004.  The enlargement of Europe, 2004-2007.

3. The Schengen Agreement 1985  1985 – The Schengen Agreement of 1985 was an agreement made between the Benelux Economic Union, the French Republic and the Federal Republic Of Germany.  All of those governments agreed to abolish border check on the borders that they shared.  Instead of stop and search tactics, every vehicle that had a green visa disc in the windscreen could simply drive on through. There were still to be guards on the borders to visually check the vehicles as they crossed into another country.

4. The Treaty of European Union, 1992  It is also known as Treaty of Maastricht.  It constitutes a turning point in the European integration process.  By Modifying the previous treaties -Paris, Rome and Single European Act-, the initial economic objective of the Community, building a common market, was outstripped and, for the first time, a distinctive vocation of political union was claimed.  The Treaty of Maastricht changed the official denomination of the EEC. Henceforth, it will be known as European Union.

5. The Treaty of European Union, 1992  The Treaty will have a structure based on three pillars, according to the artificial parlance created by those who devised and edited it.  The first pillar, alludes to the Community dimension and comprises the arrangements set out in the EC, ECSC and Euratom Treaties, i.e. Union citizenship, Community policies, Economic and Monetary Union, etc.

6. The Treaty of European Union, 1992  The new pillars, are based in the cooperation among the governments: the second pillar is the Common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the third one refers to Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters.  Meanwhile in the community pillar decisions passed on a majority will be more and more a general rule, and the role of community institutions is essential; in the so called intergovernmental cooperation pillars decisions must be taken take by common consent and the Commission, the European Parliament or the Court of Justice have scarcely competences.

7. The establishment of Euro, 1999  The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The introduction of an European currency, the Euro, was decided.  From 1 January 1994 to 1 January 1999. The member countries must coordinate their economic policies in order to achieve some objectives, fixed quantitatively and known as convergence criteria: reduction of inflation and interest rates, control of government deficit and debt and respect of normal fluctuation margins provided for by the exchange- rate mechanism on the European Monetary system.

8. The establishment of Euro, 1999  The countries that reached those objectives could pass on to the next phase.  During this phase, in the European Council held in December 1995 in Madrid, a definitive name was given to the new European unique currency, the euro.

9. The establishment of Euro, 1999 From 1 January 1999 to 1 January 2002. Establishment of a European Central Bank (ECB), fixing of exchange rates and introduction of a single currency. The so called Euroland, countries that went through to the third phase in 1999, consisted of eleven countries: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Austria, Ireland and Finland. Four countries: Greece, United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden remained for different reasons out of Euro area.

10. The Treaty in Rome, 2004.  It was officially called as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC).  It was an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) on 1 January 1958.  It was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany.

11. The Enlargement of Europe  The Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU) through the accession of new member states.  Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-seven with Bulgaria and Romania as its’ most recent members in 2007.  The Balkans and Croatia are the most likely new members.

12. References  Gombrich, E., H. A little history of the world. 2 nd edition, 2008.  Paxton, O.,R., 1997. Europe in the Twentieth Century.  http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/maastri cht.htm http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/maastri cht.htm