1. YNDROMES . Part II

2. STROKE SYNDROMES

3. Stroke Within the Anterior Circulation
Middle Cerebral Artery
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Anterior Choroidal Arteries
Internal Carotid Artery
Common Carotid Artery

4. Middle Cerebral Artery
Occlusion of the proximal MCA or one of its major branches is most often due to an embolus rather than intracranial atherothrombosis
The cortical branches of the MCA supply the lateral surface of the hemisphere

5. Middle Cerebral Artery
The proximal MCA (M1 segment) supplies the following:
Putamen
Outer globus pallidus
Posterior limb of the internal capsule
Corona radiata
Most of the caudate nucleus
In the sylvian fissure, the MCA divides into the superior and inferior divisions (M2 branches)
Inferior division supplies
Inferior parietal and temporal cortex
Superior division supplies
Frontal and superior parietal cortex

7. Middle Cerebral Artery
entire MCA is occluded at its origin :
contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, homonymous hemianopia, and a day or two of gaze preference to the ipsilateral side
Dysarthria is common because of facial weakness
global aphasia
anosognosia, constructional apraxia, and neglect

8. Middle Cerebral Artery: Partial Syndromes
Brachial syndrome : embolic occlusion of a single branch include hand, or arm and hand, weakness alone
Frontal Opercular Syndrome: facial weakness with nonfluent (Broca) aphasia, with or without arm weakness
Lacunar stroke within internal capsule - pure motor stroke or sensory-motor stroke contralateral to the lesion

9. Middle Cerebral Artery

10. Stroke within the Anterior Circulation
Anterior Cerebral Artery

11. Anterior Cerebral Artery
Divided into 2 segments:
Precommunal Circle of Willis (A1)
Connects the internal carotid artery to the anterior communicating artery
Postcommunal segment (A2)
*Pericallousal artery (A3)
Main terminal branches of the ACA

12. Anterior Cerebral Artery
Supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule, the anterior perforate substance, amygdala, anterior hypothalamus, and the inferior part of the head of the caudate nucleus
Occlusion of the proximal ACA is usually well tolerated because of collateral flow through the anterior communicating artery and collaterals through the MCA and PCA

13. Anterior Cerebral Artery
Paralysis of opposite foot and leg: Motor leg area
A lesser degree of paresis of opposite arm: Arm area of cortex or fibers descending to corona radiata
Cortical sensory loss over toes, foot, and leg: Sensory area for foot and leg
Urinary incontinence: Sensorimotor area in paracentral lobule

15. Anterior Cerebral Artery

16. Anterior Cerebral Artery
Abulia (akinetic mutism), slowness, delay, intermittent interruption, lack of spontaneity, whispering, reflex distraction to sights and sounds: Uncertain localization—probably cingulate gyrus and medial inferior portion of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
Impairment of gait and stance (gait apraxia): Frontal cortex near leg motor area
Dyspraxia of left limbs, tactile aphasia in left limbs: Corpus callosum

17. Stroke within the Posterior Circulation
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Vertebral Artery
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Basilar Artery

18. Stroke within the Posterior Circulation
Posterior Cerebral Artery
result from atheroma formation or emboli that lodge at the top of the basilar artery
May also be caused by dissection of the vertebral
artery or fibromuscular dysplasia

19. Posterior Cerebral Artery
(1) P1 syndrome: midbrain, subthalamic, and thalamic signs, which are due to disease of the proximal P1 segment of the PCA or its penetrating branches
(2) P2 syndrome: cortical temporal and occipital lobe signs, due to occlusion of the P2 segment distal to the junction of the PCA with the posterior communicating artery.

21. Posterior Cerebral Artery
P1 Syndromes
third nerve palsy with contralateral ataxia (Claude's syndrome) or with contralateral hemiplegia (Weber's syndrome)
contralateral hemiballismus (if subthalamic nucleus is involved)
thalamic Déjerine-Roussy syndrome - contralateral hemisensory loss followed later by an agonizing, searing or burning pain in the affected areas

22. Posterior Cerebral Artery
P2 Syndromes
Occulsion of the PCA causes infarction of the medial temporal and occipital lobes
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing is the usual manifestation
acute disturbance in memory (hippocampus)
peduncular hallucinosis - visual hallucinations of brightly colored scenes and objects
infarction in the distal PCAs produces cortical blindness (blindness with preserved PLR)
Anton's syndrome – unaware of blindness and in denial

23. Basilar Artery
Atheromatous lesions are most frequent in the proximal basilar and the distal vertebral segments
Complete basilar occlusion :
a constellation of bilateral long tract signs (sensory and motor) with signs of cranial nerve and cerebellar dysfunction
“locked-in" state of preserved consciousness with quadriplegia and cranial nerve signs suggests complete pontine and lower midbrain infarction

24. Basilar Artery
TIAs in the proximal basilar distribution may produce vertigo
Occlusion of the superior cerebellar artery results in
Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia, nausea and vomiting, dysarthria, contralateral loss of pain and temp sensation
Occusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery results in
Ipsilateral deafness, facial weakness, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, nystagmus, tinnitus and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

25. Imaging
CT Scan
identify or exclude hemorrhage as the cause of stroke
the infarct may not be seen reliably for 24–48 h
may fail to show small ischemic strokes in the posterior fossa
MRI
reliably documents the extent and location of infarction in all areas of the brain
less sensitive than CT for detecting acute blood

26. Imaging Cerebral Angiography
"gold standard" for identifying and quantifying atherosclerotic stenoses of the cerebral arteries
used to deploy stents within delicate intracranial vessels
intraarterial delivery of thrombolytic agents
Carries the risk for arterial damage, groin hemorrhage, embolic stroke, embolic stroke, and renal failure

27. Carotid Doppler

28. For the next meeting, read on Disturbances of Vision, Ocular Movement, and Hearing
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 17th edition