1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation TransparenciesStandardized Test Prep Image and Activity Bank Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Economics, Policy, and the Future Chapter 21 Table of Contents Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Section 3 The Importance of the Individual

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Objectives Describe some of the challenges to achieving sustainability. Describe several major international meetings and agreements relating to the environment. Explain how economics and environmental science are related. Compare two ways that governments influence economics. Give an example of a private effort to address environmental problems. Chapter 21

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation International Development and Cooperation Sustainability is the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely. We live in a time of globalization, when environmental and social conditions are linked across political borders worldwide. Increasingly, governments, organizations, and business around the world have a need to work together. Chapter 21

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation International Development and Cooperation People debate about whether current levels of population growth and resource use are sustainable, and who is responsible for environmental problems. Scientists do not agree on how humans are affecting the planet’s ecosystems. People worldwide are worried about running short of resources such as fertile soil and fresh water. Chapter 21

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Sustainable Development Many meetings and agreements among international governments have dealt with environmental concerns along with economic and political concerns. The Earth Summit of 1992, for example, was a sign of new levels of international environmental awareness and cooperation. Chapter 21

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Climate and Atmosphere International organizations and agreements related to climate and the atmosphere also exist. The Kyoto Protocol, for example, attempts to avoid or slow down global warming by reducing greenhouse- gas emissions. The United States did not sign this particular treaty mainly because it would be costly to implement and that is does not guarantee a stable climate. Chapter 21

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu International Cooperation Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Other Agreements Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Economics and the Environment Economics is the study of how individuals and groups make decisions about the production, distribution, and consumption of limited resources as they attempt to fulfill their needs and wants. Economists say that an economic system is successful when there is an increase in the flow of money and products within a market. Economies, however, draw resources from the environment and may return waste or cause damage. Economic systems are, in fact, contained within and dependent upon the environment. Chapter 21

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Economics and the Environment Economists see environmental problems as market failures. The market has failed if the price of something does not reflect its true cost. For example, the price of gasoline does not reflect the expenses caused by auto emissions, such as that of the illnesses caused by air pollution, which cost society billions of dollars a year. In a balanced economic system, the price of gasoline should reflect these costs. Chapter 21

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Economics and the Environment Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation A complete economic model shows that economic systems operate within natural systems. Chapter 21

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Regulation and Economic Incentives The government has tried many ways to regulate environmental damage such as pollution. Governments may also create economic incentives by paying out money for actions that benefit society. Chapter 21

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Regulation and Economic Incentives Governments may also punishing people with fines and sentences for actions that harm the environment. However, regulations are criticized when they are difficult to enforce, do not distribute costs evenly, or do not control environmental damage. Chapter 21

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Private Efforts Businesses and private organizations also play a role in addressing environmental problems. Businesses may donate land for parks or preserves, donate money to environmental causes, or recycle their wastes. Private organizations often cooperate with each other and with governments to conduct research or create plans for environmental management. Chapter 21

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Private Efforts Nonprofit organizations, such as the Nature Conservancy, use a simple economic strategy of collecting donations to purchase land to preserve ecosystems. This group has created preserves in all 50 states and in 28 other countries. Chapter 21

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Objectives Describe two major developments in U.S. environmental history. Give examples of three federal agencies that have environmental responsibilities. Explain the purpose of Environmental Impact Statements. Give an example of how citizens can affect environmental policy at each level of government—local, state, and national. Evaluate the media as a source of information about the environment. Chapter 21

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States History of U.S. Environmental Policy During the 1800s, people in the United States made use of the country’s vast resources by turning prairies into cropland, cutting down ancient forests, and hunting several species of animals to extinction. By the 1900s, however, citizens began to realize the consequences of these actions and their attitudes began to change. Chapter 21

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States History of U.S. Environmental Policy Leaders such as President Theodore Roosevelt and conservationist John Muir called for increased protection and management of the nation’s resources. Many national forests and parks, and agencies to manage them, were established around the early 1900s. Chapter 21

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Environmental Agencies and Laws Throughout the 1900s, U.S. citizens became more aware of environmental problems. The first Earth Day, celebrated around the world in 1970, was a sign of widespread environmental awareness. In the same year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created. U.S. lawmakers have created many policies and federal agencies to manage environmental affairs. Chapter 21

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Environmental Agencies and Laws Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Environmental Impact Statements An Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) is an assessment of the effect of a proposed project of law on the environment. Proposals for the construction of dams, highways, airports, and other projects that the federal government controls or funds must be evaluated with an EIS. Chapter 21

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Environmental Impact Statements An EIS states the need for a project, its impact on the environment, and how any negative impact can be minimized. Although public comment rarely stops a project, the public can comment on an EIS. The feedback, however, may cause changes in the project’s plans. Federal agencies may also conduct an EIS when they plan changes in the regulation of public resources. Chapter 21

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Unfunded Mandates and Economic Impacts In 1995, Congress passed a law to prevent unfunded mandates, which are federal regulations that do not provide funds for state or local governments to implement the regulations. These limits reduce the federal government’s power to pass environmental laws. Chapter 21

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Unfunded Mandates and Economic Impacts The federal government must now provide funding for any new laws that will cost more than 50 million dollars to implement. Another limit placed on federal agencies requires them to evaluate both the economic and environmental impacts of their policies. Chapter 21

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Influencing Environmental Policy You can have more influence on environmental policy than you may realize. For example, as a citizen, you can contact your elected representatives to tell them your opinion on issues. There are also many other ways that consumers, businesses, the media, and organizations can influence policy at all levels of government. Chapter 21

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Local Governments Local government is more responsive to citizen input than state or federal government is. Local governments can decide: how land may be used and developed, where businesses and housing may be located, create plans for public facilities, for waste disposal and recycling, and for many other facets of local life. Chapter 21

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States State Governments Individual states are usually free to create laws with higher standards than the minimum standards set by the federal government. For example, California’s vehicle emission standards are higher than the federal standards because the state wants to control its problems with air pollution caused by traffic. States have a lot of independent control over how to implement laws and manage public resources. Chapter 21

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Lobbying Lobbying is an organized attempt to influence the decisions of lawmakers. Both environmental and industry groups hire lobbyists to provide information to lawmakers and urge them to vote a certain way. Lawmakers are heavily influenced by lobbying on many sides of issues. One way to influence policy is to support an organization that lobbies for the policies you agree with. Chapter 21

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States The Media and Sources of Information The media, especially television news, is the main source of information about environmental topics for most of us. If you want to understand environmental problems, you will want to find information from sources other than popular media. Many other sources are available, and you should evaluate all sources for bias and accuracy. Chapter 21

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Objectives Give examples of individuals who have influenced environmental history. Identify ways in which the choices that you make as an individual may affect the environment. Chapter 21

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Influential Individuals Some of the individuals have managed to influence our thinking about the environment in the United States. These people are famous because they brought attention to problems or convinced many people to think about new ideas. Some of them wrote books that inspired people to think about environmental problems in a new way. Chapter 21

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Influential Individuals Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual The 1960’s Decade During the 1960’s, environmental issues became widely known. Biologists such as Paul Ehrlich, Barry Commoner, Rachel Carson, and Garrett Hardin drew public attention to environmental problems such as pollution, rapid population growth, and resource depletion. Chapter 21

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual The 1960’s Decade Rachel Carson helped contribute to the Wilderness Act with her influential book, Silent Spring. This book argued that many public lands and resources were not adequately protected. The Wilderness Act allowed the government to designate some federal lands as wilderness areas to be used only for low-impact recreation. Chapter 21

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Rising Awareness Also in the 1960’s, several environmental disasters made headlines and helped raise public awareness. Eventually, pressure from the public led to new laws and efforts to reduce environmental damage. The first Earth Day, in 1970, was a historic demonstration of public concern for environmental issues. Chapter 21

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Voting One of the most important decisions you may make is in the act of voting. The people we elect will make decisions that affect our environmental future. The candidates stance on environmental issues can be researched through the media, voter organizations, and Web sites. Another way to take action on environmental problems is to join a group of people who share your concerns and interests. Chapter 21

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Weighing the Evidence We have the responsibility to educate ourselves as we make decisions that affect the world around us. Do not be misled by information that may look convincing but that has no supporting evidence. A popular environmental slogan is to “think globally, act locally.” This slogan reminds us that our everyday actions have broader effects. Chapter 21

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Consumer Choices Another environmental slogan you may have heard is “reduce, reuse, recycle.” As consumers, we can reduce the amount of things we buy and use, we can reuse things that are often used only once, and we can recycle many materials. As a consumer, you may choose to buy products that are produced sustainably or that do less damage to the environment. Chapter 21

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Applying Your Knowledge As you learn more about environmental science, you’ll be prepared to make decisions that guarantee that your impact on the environment will be a positive one. Chapter 21

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Bellringer Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Major International Environmental Agreements Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Economic Systems Within the Biosphere Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Bellringer Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu U.S. Agencies and Environmental Laws Section 2 Environmental Policies in the United States Chapter 21

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Bellringer Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1.If you wanted to buy stock in a company with a sustainability policy, what would you look for? A.You would look for a company that uses offshore labor. B.You would look for a company that uses renewable resources. C.You would look for a company that offers high quality products. D.You would look for a company that has implemented a global marketing strategy. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1.If you wanted to buy stock in a company with a sustainability policy, what would you look for? A.You would look for a company that uses offshore labor. B.You would look for a company that uses renewable resources. C.You would look for a company that offers high quality products. D.You would look for a company that has implemented a global marketing strategy. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2.What kind of information is contained in an Environmental Impact Statement? F.An Environmental Impact Statement contains public comment on the proposed project. G.An Environmental Impact Statement tells where funds for the project are coming from. H.An Environmental Impact Statement predicts the project’s expected impact on the environment. I.An Environmental Impact Statement contains the total price of all construction materials and labor. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2.What kind of information is contained in an Environmental Impact Statement? F.An Environmental Impact Statement contains public comment on the proposed project. G.An Environmental Impact Statement tells where funds for the project are coming from. H.An Environmental Impact Statement predicts the project’s expected impact on the environment. I.An Environmental Impact Statement contains the total price of all construction materials and labor. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3.How can an individual have an effect on global environmental problems? A.Buy things that provide only a single use. B.Buy paper goods at the local discount store. C.Structure daily activities around convenience. D.Purchase vegetables that are organically grown. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3.How can an individual have an effect on global environmental problems? A.Buy things that provide only a single use. B.Buy paper goods at the local discount store. C.Structure daily activities around convenience. D.Purchase vegetables that are organically grown. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the map to answer questions 4 through 6. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4.What percentage of national parks in Guatemala are located within 50 kilometers of the coast? F.less than 15% G.more than 25% H.exactly 50% I.almost 75% Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4.What percentage of national parks in Guatemala are located within 50 kilometers of the coast? F.less than 15% G.more than 25% H.exactly 50% I.almost 75% Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5.Which country has the largest number of national parks per capita in Central America? A.Belize B.El Salvador C.Guatemala D.Nicaragua Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5.Which country has the largest number of national parks per capita in Central America? A.Belize B.El Salvador C.Guatemala D.Nicaragua Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6.How is the number of national parks related to the size of a country? F.The bigger countries have more national parks. G.The smaller countries have more national parks. H.The countries with the most coastline have more national parks. I.There is no correlation between a country’s size and its national parks. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6.How is the number of national parks related to the size of a country? F.The bigger countries have more national parks. G.The smaller countries have more national parks. H.The countries with the most coastline have more national parks. I.There is no correlation between a country’s size and its national parks. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 21

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 1 Economics and International Cooperation Chapter 21

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 2 Environmental Polices in the United States Chapter 21

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Image and Activity Bank Section 3 The Importance of the Individual Chapter 21