1. CHAPTER 9 EMERGING EUROPE AND THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

2. SECTION 1

3. The New Germanic Kingdoms
By 500, the Western Roman Empire had been divided into a number of states ruled by German kings. Ostrogoths controlled Italy & Visigoths controlled Spain.
The Angles & Saxons settled in Britain.
Clovis, a Frankish king, established a powerful kingdom in France & western Germany. Converted to Christianity & gained support from the Roman Catholic Church. After death, sons divided it.

4. Germans & Romans married & created a new society.
Extended family lived & worked together and provided protection for each other. Concept of family influenced law. Crimes were personal & could lead to feuds & bloodshed.
Wergild “money for a man”- amount paid by wrongdoer to the family of person killed/injured. More money for nobility.
Ordeal- physical trial. Divine forces would protect the innocent. They would be unharmed.

5. The Role of the Church
By 4th century, the church had organization. Priest head of parish, Bishop head of a group of parishes/diocese (bishopric), Pope head of parishes.
Pope Gregory I took control of Rome & its surrounding territories (Papal States). Had political power. Active in converting pagans to Christianity. Used monks & missionaries.
St. Benedict founded a community of monks. Lived in monasteries that were self-supporting & learning centers.
Monks provided schools, hospitals, & hospitality for travelers.
Women joined the ranks as nuns.

6. Charlemagne & the Carolingians
During 600s & 700s, Frankish kings lost power to chief officers of the household called mayors of the palace.
Pepin, one of these mayors, became a king. Son of Charles Martel, who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours. Pepin died & his son became king.
Charles the Great or Charlemagne began the Carolingian Empire. He expanded the Frankish kingdom & used his household staff & counts to run the empire. Used missi dominici “messengers to the lord king” to check on the counts. In 800, he became Emperor of the Romans. Brought together Roman, Christian, & Germanic cultures.

7. Charlemagne promoted learning despite not being able to read or write
Charlemagne promoted learning despite not being able to read or write. Renewed interests in Greek & Roman works.
Monasteries copied books for the people who could afford them.

8. SECTION 2

9. The Invaders
Within 30 yrs. after Charlemagne’s death, the Carolingian Empire was split into 3 major sections: the western Frankish lands, the eastern Frankish lands, & the Middle Kingdom.
9th & 10th centuries saw invasions in Europe. Muslims attacked southern France, Magyars attacked Western Europe, & the Vikings attacked inland.
Vikings of Scandinavia were warriors, great shipbuilders, & sailors. Given a section of land that would become Normandy. Converted to Christianity.

10. The Development of Feudalism
Because of the invaders, people turned to the aristocrats (lords) for protection & were willing to serve them in return. New political & social system formed.
Warriors (vassals) swore an oath to a lord. Lord gave them a piece of land (fief), which they supported their family.
In feudal society, loyalty to one’s lord was the chief virtue. These unwritten rules became known as a feudal contract. Vassal performed military service (40 days), give advice at court, & make payments on special occasions. Lord gave him land, protect him (militarily or in court).

11. Frankish army changed. Went from foot soldiers in mail (armor made of metal links/plates) to soldiers on horseback (cavalry) or Knights.

12. The Nobility of the Middle Ages
Nobles were kings, dukes, counts, barons, & bishops who had large estates. Aristocracy that had the most political, economic, & social power.
12th century- Tournaments held for knights to show their fighting skills, including joust.
11th & 12th century- Chivalry, a code of ethics that knights were suppose to follow. Defend the Church & defenseless people, treat captives as honorable guests, & for them to fight for glory, not material rewards.

13. Aristocratic Women
Could own property, but remained under control of their fathers/husbands.
Lady of the castle managed the estate while the lord was away. Supervised the servants, took care of financial accounts, & oversee the supplies.
Expected to be subservient, but some strong women advised or even dominated their husbands.

14. SECTION 3

15. England in the High Middle Ages
Late 9th century, King Alfred united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England.
1066, William of Normandy defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. Crowned king of England. Took a census (Domesday Book). Developed a system of taxation & royal courts.
A new culture emerged with the merging of Anglo-Saxon & French language & customs.

16. Henry II enlarged the English monarchy
Henry II enlarged the English monarchy. More criminal cases tried & property cases in royal courts.
Common Law was established & replaced laws that varied place to place.
Thomas a Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, claimed only that the Roman Catholic Church courts could try clerics. Knights killed him.
Many English nobles resented the growing power of the kings. During King John’s reign, they rebelled. Forced him to sign the Magna Carta (The Great Charter). It put into writing the relationship between the king & vassals were based on mutual rights & obligations. King’s power was limited, not absolute.

17. 13th century- During Edward I’s reign, the English Parliament emerged
13th century- During Edward I’s reign, the English Parliament emerged. Helped to develop a representative government. Nobles & bishops formed the House of Lords. Knights & townspeople formed the House of Commons. They passed laws & taxes.

18. The French Kingdom
After the last Carolingian king, Hugh Capet, a Frankish noble became the new king. French kings had little real power.
King Phillip II Augustus waged war with England. Gained control of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, & Aquitaine. Increased the income of the French monarchy & expanded its power.
Philip IV, strengthened the monarchy by extending the royal bureaucracy. Met with French parliament (Estates-General): 1st Estate- Clergy, 2nd Estate- Nobles, & 3rd Estate- Townspeople.

19. The Holy Roman Empire
10th century- Saxon dukes became kings of the eastern Frankish kingdom.
Otto I, king of Germany, was crowned emperor of the Romans in 962. Tried to rule both German & Italian lands.
Frederick I tried to conquer all of Italy. Believed Italy was center of a “holy empire”. The pope & northern Italy cities defeated the army of Frederick I.
Struggles between popes & emperors weakened the Holy Roman Empire. German lords ignored emperors and created their own independent kingdoms. They didn’t develop national monarchies because of this.

20. Central & Eastern Europe
The Slavic people divided into 3 major groups:
The western Slavs formed the Polish & Bohemian kingdoms & were converted into Christianity. Hungary were also converted. Part of the Roman Catholic Church
The eastern & southern Slavs were converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians. Linked to the Byzantine culture.

21. The Development of Russia
Eastern Slavs also settled the Ukraine & Russia.
8th century, Swedish Vikings came in. Native people called the rulers Rus.
Oleg settled in Kiev in the 10th century & expanded it.
Vladimir, married a Byzantine emperor’s sister and accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 988. It became the official religion of the state.
Civil wars & invasions brought to an end the first Russian state in 1169.
13th century, Mongols conquered Russia & made them pay tribute.
Alexander Nevsky, a Russian prince, defeated a Germany army & was given the title of grand-prince by the Mongols. His descendents became princes of Moscow & eventually leaders of all Russia.

22. SECTION 4

23. The Reign of Justinian
Justinian became the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527. Determined to reestablish the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean.
Riots destroyed Constantinople & he rebuilt it. An appearance that will last for almost a thousand years.
He simplified Roman laws into “The Body of Civil War”. It became the basis for much of the legal system of Europe.

24. From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire
Justinian’s conquests left the Eastern Roman Empire with serious problems: too much territory to protect, an empty treasury, & new threats to the frontiers.
After his death, much of the empire’s land was lost.
8th century, Eastern Roman Empire consisted of the eastern Balkans & Asia Minor and historians call this the Byzantine Empire.

25. The Byzantine Empire- spoke Greek, Eastern Orthodox Church, believed that God told them to preserve the true Christian faith & that he had chosen the emperor (patriarch). Controlled both church & state.
The Western Roman Empire- spoke Latin, Roman Catholic Church,

26. Life in Constantinople
Constantinople was the largest city in Europe. Chief center of trade until 12th century. Raw materials imported for industry. Silk industry developed & became city’s most desired product.
Immense palace complex, hundreds of churches, & huge arena (Hippodrome). Most built during Justinian’s reign. Greatest achievement was the famous Hagia Sophia, the Church of the Holy Wisdom.

27. New Heights & New Problems
, Macedonians ruled the Byzantine Empire. Expanded the empire to the largest it had been in 1025.
Created a time of prosperity by expanding trade with western Europe.
Late 11th century, there were struggles for power between military leaders & aristocratic families. Led to political & social disorder.

28. 11th century- split between Eastern Orthodox Church & Roman Catholic Church because EOC refused to accept the pope as the sole head of the Christian faith.
1054, Pope Leo IX & Michael Cerularius (patriarch) excommunicated each other. Began the schism, or separation, between the two.
Byzantine forces defeated by Turkish armies at Manzikert.

29. The Crusades
11th-13th century, European Christians carried out a series of (Crusades) to regain the Holy Land.
Started when Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked for help against the Muslims. Pope Urban II agreed to help & challenged Christians to take up weapons & join in a holy war to liberate Jerusalem & the holy land (Palestine).
1st Crusade- made up mostly by knights seeking adventure, gain territory, riches, & possibly a title. Captured Antioch & later Jerusalem, massacring the inhabitants. Created 4 crusader states who depended on Italian cities for supplies. Genoa, Pisa, & Venice become rich & powerful.

30. 2nd Crusade- Muslims struck back
2nd Crusade- Muslims struck back. Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under command of Saladin. Complete failure.
3rd Crusades- Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England, & Philip II Augustus of France. Failure to regain Jerusalem. Richard the Lionhearted negotiated free access to Jerusalem for Christians.
4th Crusade- Pope Innocent III. Venice leaders wanted to eliminate Constantinople, their trade competitor. Sacked the city. Byzantine Empire no longer great Mediterranean power.
Ottoman Turks conquered it in 1453.

31. Crusades helped the Italian ports prosper.
Attacks on Jews “murderers of Christ” started during the Crusades.
Many believed Jews & Muslims needed to be eliminated.