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Africa: Shaped by Its History
Chapter 2 Pg 1
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Guiding Questions How have historical events affected the cultures and nations of Africa? What features help define different African cultures? What factors led to the development of different governments across Africa? What factors influence the ways in which Africans make a living? 2
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Section I: African Beginnings
Pages 36 – 41 Guiding question How have historical events affected the cultures and nations of Africa? Objectives – Examine the development and use of tools and technology. – Describe patterns of and motivations for migrations 3
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4 African Beginnings 10,000 years ago… East Africa
Humans live in Sahara desert East Africa Humans live 2 million years ago 4
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Changing Survival Skills
Hunting and Gathering Hunt animals and gather food in the wild Made tools of wood, animal bones, and stone Farming and Herding ,000 years ago – Sahara Desert Domesticated plants and animals Early Settlements Domestication = control over food supply Settle in one place – usually near water 5
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Civilizations on the Nile
Stone age groups become Civilizations A society with cities, a government, and social classes Social classes determined by Background Wealth Way of living Jobs Division of Labor – people do different jobs 6
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Civilizations on the Nile Cont’d
Egypt Nile River Annual Flood Pharaohs God/Kings Buried in tombs Hieroglyphs Picture writing Skilled in: Paper making, architecture, medicine, and astronomy Nubia 6000 BC Hunting and fishing communities Napata Greatest Nubian Kingdom Conquered Egypt Meroë South of Egypt Conquered by Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum 7
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8 The Bantu Migrations 4000 years ago = HUGE migration
To move from one place and resettle in another. Bantu people migrate Out of Nigeria Out of Cameroon Into Southern Africa 8
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9 Why Migrate? No one knows for sure Some believe New Crops
Increased food supply Population Over- No one knows for sure Some believe 9
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Bantus Spread Their Language
Most people began to speak Bantu 10
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Language and Ethnic Groups
Central and Southern Africa Hundreds of ethnic groups Groups that share languages, religions, family ties, and customs May also share a distinct language 200 million people speak Bantu Zulu Xhosa Shona Swahili 11
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Section II: Kingdoms, City-States, and Empires
Pages 42 – 49 Guiding Question What features help define different African cultures? Objectives – Commodities of trade and their significance for cultures and regions – Impact of key groups on historical and contemporary societies 12
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East African Trading Civilizations
Began in East Africa Along the ocean Access to trade routes Aksum Kilwa Great Zimbabwe 13
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Began to Decline as Arabs controlled trade
Aksum India to Med. Sea Control trade: 200 AD Became Christian 300 AD Began to Decline as Arabs controlled trade 600 AD Present day Ethiopia and Eritrea Controlled trade in the Red Sea 14
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15 Cities of Trade Used winds to sail to and from India and China
Trade affects culture Muslims introduce Islam Swahili – Bantu language including Arabic words Most common Bantu language spoken in Africa Bring back to Africa: Cotton, Silk, and Porcelain Take to India/China: Animal skin, ivory, and Gold 15
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Rise of City-States City-State – City that has its own traditions, government, and laws. Both a city and state. Greatest: Malindi Mombosa Great Zimbabwe Kilwa 16
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17 Kilwa Considered one of the best cities of its time $$$$$
Trade Taxes Traders had to pay big taxes on items purchased in the city 1500s – destroyed by Portugal 17
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Southern and East African Trade Ties
Great Zimbabwe Near the Limpopo river Peaked around 1300 Thousands of people lived there Ruins still remain 18
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North African Trading Powers
Carthage established 800 BC Textiles, metals, slaves, and food Carthage trades: Carthage = Wealthiest city in world 500 – 200 BC Carthage falls to Rome – City destroyed 146 BC Romans build cities and spread Christianity North African trade ports flourish Roman Empire falls 476 AD Arabs take control of North Africa – Spread Islam 600 AD Through trade, Islam spreads to West Africa 19
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20 West African Kingdoms Ghana Mali Songhai Forest Kingdoms
Land of Gold $$$ taxes on Salt and Gold Mali Took Control of trade Routes Mansa Musa Spreads Islam Forest Kingdoms Benin Made great sculptures Songhai Tombouctou Great Muslim learning center 20
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Section III: European Conquest of Africa
Pages 50 – 56 Guiding Question: How have historical events affected the cultures and nations of Africa? Objectives: – Commodities of trade and their significance for cultures and regions – Relationship between historical events and current issues 21
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22 Europeans on the Coast 1800-1900 Before 1500 1500-1800
Europe and Africa trade as = Europe leads slave trade Europe Divides Africa among themselves 22
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Portuguese Exploration
Mid 1400s Portuguese sail along West Africa Looking for gold Europeans did not want to deal with North Africa Lateen Sail Allows Portuguese to sail with and against the wind Astrolabe Helps sailors navigate at sea 23
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A Change in Trade Relations
Europeans Copper, Brass, and Clothing Corn, Cassava, and Yams from America Africans Gold, Cotton, Ivory, Skins, Metal, and Pepper Okra, Watermelon, and Rice Africans and Europeans trade as equals at first 1498 Portuguese ships find East Africa Portuguese are amazed at East African wealth More come to take their riches 24
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European Trade Spreads
Dutch, French, and English follow Settlers soon arrive Europeans spread using force Slave trade begins Relations between Africa and Europe cannot be salvaged 25
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26 Slave Trade Begins By 1600s By 1780
Portuguese trade guns for people By 1780 80,000 Africans shipped across Atlantic each year Just over 100,000 people live in Wilmington 26
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27 Horrors of Slavery Often branded with hot irons
Stacked floor to ceiling on boats As many as 20% died on trip To overcome losses captains put more people on board Olaudah Equiano Bought his freedom and fought slavery 27
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The Effects of Slavery on Africa
Some Africans grew wealthy West Africa looses much of its population African societies break down Skilled workers gone Families torn apart 28
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Europeans Colonize Africa
Mid 1800s Slave trade over Europeans then turn to….. Natural Resources Africans resist but… Old weapons no match for Europe’s modern weapons 29
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30 Scramble for Africa Europe Divides Africa Meet in Germany
Decide who gets what part of Africa Pay no attention to ethnic groups Gain power by encouraging groups to fight Draw boundaries mixing groups together Boundaries affect Africa Africans still struggle with European borders Ethnic hatred and violence 30
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