1. 1 Landsat Data Gap Study Team Briefing Study Team Chairs: Ed Grigsby, NASAGarik Gutman, NASARay Byrnes, USGS Team Lead: Vicki Zanoni, NASA 20 May 05

2. 2 Outline Introduction Key Findings Background Data Gap Study Team Assumptions Requirements Capabilities Comparison of Capabilities with Requirements Conclusions Recommendations

3. 3 Introduction The Landsat Program provides for and updates a national archive of land remote sensing data for distribution to the U.S. Government, international community, and the general public –Public Law 102-555, the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 –Presidential Decision Directive/NSTC-3 (5/5/94; amended 10/16/00) –Management Plan for the Landsat Program

4. 4 Introduction The Earth observation community is facing a probable and pending gap in Landsat data continuity before OLI data arrive in 2010 –Landsat 5 limited lifetime/coverage –Degraded Landsat 7 operations; potential failure in 2007 –Either or both satellites could fail at any time: both beyond design life Urgently need strategy to reduce the impact of a Landsat data gap –Landsat data are used extensively by a broad and diverse community –A data gap will interrupt a 33-yr time series of land observations during a critical time period Landsat Program Management must determine utility of alternate data sources to lessen the impact of the gap and feasibility of acquiring data from those sources in the event of a gap A Landsat Data Gap Study Team, chaired by NASA and the USGS, has been formed to analyze potential solutions

5. 5 Key Findings The Landsat Program is unique –Single source of systematic, global land observations –Alternate sources can reduce the impact of a Landsat data gap Data quality of potential candidate systems is unverified; however, based on preliminary analysis –India’s ResourceSat and China/Brazil’s Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) are the leading candidates for reducing the impact of a Landsat data gap Potentially acceptable global acquisition capability, availability, spatial and spectral coverage Landsat data gap mitigation efforts could serve as GEOSS prototype –Implementation plan correlates with the GEOSS Global Land Observing System – Land Use/Land Cover Change Initiative Several systems could meet special regional acquisition needs during some or all of the data gap period –ASTER (U.S. and Japan) –U.S. Commercial Satellites –SPOT (France) –EO-1/ALI (U.S.)

6. 6 Landsat Importance to Science Change is occurring at rates unprecedented in human historyChange is occurring at rates unprecedented in human history The Landsat program provides the only inventory of the global land surface over timeThe Landsat program provides the only inventory of the global land surface over time –at a scale where human vs. natural causes of change can be differentiated –on a seasonal basis No other satellite system is capable/committed to even annual global coverage at this scaleNo other satellite system is capable/committed to even annual global coverage at this scale 1986 1997 Amazonian Deforestation 100 km Courtesy TRFIC–MSU, Houghton et al, 2000.

7. 7 Landsat Impacts all GEOSS Societal Benefit Areas Natural & Human Induced Disasters Human Health & Well-Being Energy Resources Climate Variability & Change Water Resources Weather Information, Forecasting & Warning Terrestrial, Coastal & Marine Ecosystems Sustainable Agriculture & Desertification Biodiversity

8. 8 Landsat 7 ETM + U.S. Global Archive and Distribution Interest in Landsat data is truly global Landsat 7 International Ground Station Network - November 2004 Number of Scenes Distributed

9. 9 Landsat and the NASA Science and Applications Programs Over the past five years NASA research programs have supported over 200 science and applications projects that use Landsat data NASA projects support a number of national and international programs and projects that rely on or require Landsat data –U.S. Climate Change Science Program –North American Carbon Program –President Bush’s Initiative on Illegal Logging –Global Observations of Forest Cover and Land Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD) project of GTOS –GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems) Strategic Plans for GEOSS and the U.S. Integrated Earth Observation System cite Landsat as an important asset NASA Information Technology Projects have distributed over 2 million Landsat data products since 1998 (e.g., TRFIC at Michigan State U. and GLCF at U. of Maryland).

10. 10 AVHRR/ MODIS spatial resolution 15m, 30m, 90m 2048 km swath 183 km Landsat spatial resolution, 250m, 500m, 1000m spatial resolution, 15m, 30m global coverage, 2 days 16 day orbital repeat seasonal global coverage Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing ~ 10 km spatial resolution ~ 1m global coverage, decades, if ever Commercial Systems ASTER 60 km 45-60 day orbital repeat global coverage, years MISR spatial resolution, 275m, 550m, 1100m 360 km global coverage, 9 days 3300 km swath VIIRS spatial resolution, 400/800m (nadir (Vis/IR)) global coverage, 2x/day/satellite

11. 11 Value of Landsat Continuity The value of Landsat goes beyond sensor performance:The value of Landsat goes beyond sensor performance: Long-term data archiving, global data acquisition strategy, open data policy, and commitment to data continuityLong-term data archiving, global data acquisition strategy, open data policy, and commitment to data continuity USGS preserves a 33-yr archive of Landsat data: no other nation is committed to acquiring, maintaining, preserving, and extending a global archive of land observationsUSGS preserves a 33-yr archive of Landsat data: no other nation is committed to acquiring, maintaining, preserving, and extending a global archive of land observations

12. 12 Landsat Data Gap Study Team Objective Recommend options, using existing and near-term capabilities, to store, maintain, and upgrade science-quality data in the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive –Consistent with the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 Approach Identify data “sufficiently consistent in terms of acquisition geometry, spatial resolution, calibration, coverage characteristics, and spatial characteristics with previous Landsat data…” –Consistent with Management Plan for the Landsat Program Process Identify acceptable gap-mitigation specifications Identify existing and near-term capabilities Compare capabilities to acceptable specifications Synthesize findings and make recommendations

13. 13 Team Membership Edward Grigsby, NASA HQ, Co- Chair Ray Byrnes, USGS HQ, Co- Chair Garik Gutman, NASA HQ, Co- Chair Jim Irons, NASA GSFC, Community Needs Working Group Lead Bruce Quirk, USGS EDC, System Capabilities Working Group Lead Bill Stoney, Mitretek Systems, Needs-to-Capabilities Working Group Lead Vicki Zanoni, NASA HQ Detail, Team Coordinator and Synthesis Working Group Lead Mike Abrams, JPL Bruce Davis, DHS (NASA detailee) Brad Doorn, USDA FAS Fernando Echavarria, Dept. of State Stuart Frye, Mitretek Systems Mike Goldberg, Mitretek Systems Sam Goward, U. of Maryland Ted Hammer, NASA HQ Chris Justice, U. of Maryland Jim Lacasse, USGS EDC Martha Maiden, NASA HQ Dan Mandl, NASA GSFC Jeff Masek, NASA GSFC Gran Paules, NASA HQ John Pereira, NOAA/NESDIS Ed Sheffner, NASA HQ Tom Stanley, NASA SSC Woody Turner, NASA HQ Sandra Webster, NGA Diane Wickland, NASA HQ Darrel Williams, NASA GSFC

14. 14 Assumptions (1) Focus on data acquisition solutions –NOT spacecraft development Address DoI (USGS) responsibility for preserving and populating the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive (NSLRSDA) –Other organizations (e.g., USDA and NGA) are able to procure alternate source data, but have no mandate to archive, preserve, distribute, or share the data Assume 2007 Landsat 7 failure for purposes of planning and budgeting

15. 15 Assumptions (2) Landsat 5 has limited lifetime and capability –21years on orbit (3-yr. design life); Fuel depletion in 2009 –Direct downlink only; precludes global coverage OLI data available no earlier than 2010 LDCM data specification used to define data quality and quantity goals –Study team recognized inability to meet all goals given capabilities of alternate data sources Landsat 7 unrestricted data policy will serve as the model for acquired data rights

16. 16 Requirements Analysis LDCM Data Specification (“Goal”) has been vetted by science and applications communities, and supports the range of Landsat applications Obtaining data identical to LDCM from existing systems is not possible Acceptable specifications were derived to support basic global change research given available sources of Landsat-like data: – Global mapping of land-cover – Long-term analysis of land-cover change Analysis incorporated OSTP Landsat User Survey Responses –Users require Landsat-like data (global coverage, moderate resolution, spectral coverage) –Many users already considering alternate sources of data following Landsat-7 Scan Line Corrector anomaly

17. 17 Acceptable Specifications: Radiometry, Geometry Performance Parameter Performance Goal: LDCM SpecificationAcceptable Specification* Radiometry <5% error in at-sensor radiance, linearly scaled to image data <15% error in at-sensor radiance, linearly scaled to image data Spatial Resolution 30m GSD VNIR-SWIR; 15m panchromatic100m GSD Geographic Registration<65m circular error Band-band registration uncertainty <4.5m (0.15 pixel)uncertainty <0.15 pixel *Acquired data must be characterized and verified against these specifications to ensure data quality and continuity.

18. 18 Acceptable Specifications: Spectral Coverage Performance Parameter Performance Goal: LDCM Specification Acceptable Specification Spectral Bandpass (nm) Blue 433-453 Blue 450-515 Green 525-600 Red 630-680 √ NIR 845-885 √ SWIR 1560-1660 √ SWIR 2100-2300 SWIR 1360-1390 Pan500-680

19. 19 Acceptable Specifications: Global Coverage Global Coverage Performance Goal: LDCM Specification Seasonal (4X annually), substantially cloud-free global acquisition Includes U.S. acquisition every 16 days Global, substantially cloud- free acquisitions twice per year (2 seasons annually) Acceptable Specification Performance Parameter

20. 20 Capabilities Analysis Team focused on systems that can best meet acceptable specifications –Used publicly available information to make this determination –Low and high resolution systems were not the initial study focus High resolution systems cannot meet global coverage acceptable requirement; might be source for sub-global sampling sites Low resolution systems cannot meet spatial resolution acceptable requirement Informal inquiry of commercial and foreign data providers to identify global acquisition capabilities and associated data cost estimates

21. 21 IRS ResourceSat – 1, 2 (India) CBERS – 2, 2A, 3, 4 (China & Brazil) RapidEye – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Germany) DMC – Algeria, Nigeria, UK, China Terra/ASTER (METI & NASA) High-resolution U.S. commercial systems –IKONOS –QuickBrid –OrbView-3 SPOT – 4, 5 (France) ALOS (JAXA) EO-1/ALI (NASA & USGS) Systems Considered

22. 22 Comparison of Capabilities with Requirements *Data quality is acceptable if verified to meet acceptable specifications for radiometric and geographic accuracy and band-to-band registration ? DMC Nigeria OK*OKX?? DMC UK OK*OKX?? DMC China OK*OKX?? OK MEANS Global CoverageTwo times (leaf on, leaf off) global coverage per year*DMC coverage requires 3 operating satelites S patial Resolution Better than 100 meter resolutionDESIGN LIFE Spectral coverage3 VNIR plus 1 SWIR band (X means no SWIR band)ACTUAL LIFE + CURRENT TECHNICAL PROJECTION Data Quality Data CostReasonable relative to current Landsat data costs Meets min. rqmt. for radiometric and geographic accuracy and band-to-band registration (slide 16)

23. 23 Conclusions (1) The Landsat Program is unique –Single source of systematic, global land observations –Alternate sources can reduce the impact of a Landsat data gap Data quality of potential candidate systems is unverified, however, based on preliminary analysis –India’s ResourceSat and China/Brazil’s Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) are the leading candidates for reducing the impact of a Landsat data gap Potentially acceptable global acquisition capability, availability, spatial and spectral coverage This effort could serve as a GEOSS prototype for International cooperation: –Implementation plan correlates with the GEOSS/Global Land Observing System/Land Use/Land Cover Change initiative System of systems Building upon existing systems Continuity of observations Full and open exchange of Earth observations Data quality and cross-calibration Data management standards Interoperability

24. 24 Conclusions (2) Several systems could meet special regional acquisition needs during some or all of the data gap period –ASTER (U.S. and Japan) –U.S. commercial systems (sampled) –SPOT (France) –EO-1/ALI (U.S.) (sampled) Key expectations may not be met during a data gap –Data continuity / consistency –Seasonal coverage –A reliable “gold standard” for sensor cross-calibration –Rapid data acquisition and access for emergency response –Acquisition and access to data for internationally sensitive areas for national/homeland security –Directly downlink to international ground stations –U.S. 16-day repeat coverage –Price of data

25. 25 Conclusions (3) There will be programmatic challenges: –Data cost and licensing Commercial prices for global coverage and/or license restrictions could be prohibitive Preference is for government-to-government sharing of data or systems –Negotiations with foreign providers and U.S. commercial companies: ResourceSat: Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) and/or Space Imaging CBERS: China and Brazil ASTER, ALOS: Japan SPOT: Spot Image Corporation and Terra Image and/or ScanEx –Uncertainty in system lifetimes and operational concepts Terra/ASTER: continued Terra operations under consideration by NASA RapidEye: entire constellation to be launched on one vehicle EO-1/ALI: probable operations through FY06

26. 26 Conclusions (4) There will be technical challenges: –Receiving and archiving data from new source(s) Different formats, storage media, metadata Cataloguing data acquired along different orbits with varying scene sizes and swath widths –Data characterization and cross-calibration –Analysis/Applications of data from new source(s) Mosaicking and co-registering data from multiple sources with different spatial resolutions, registration accuracy, and scene size Differentiating land cover change from data discrepancies Developing new methodologies and algorithms incorporating data from multiple sources

27. 27 Recommendations Immediate Action Plan U.S. civil agencies (led by NASA, NOAA, USGS) to: –Verify data quality of candidate data sources: Complete initial analysis of ResourceSat and CBERS data sets and system capabilities –If data quality and volume are found sufficient for Landsat-like data continuity, explore agreement (s) to acquire, archive, and distribute data Further investigate other global and regional coverage candidates to better define technical capabilities, costs of data, and accessibility (SPOT, Rapid Eye, U.S. commercial firms, etc.) –Estimate budget impact for FY07-10 –Conduct data characterization, calibration, and science validation assessments on candidate data sources –If funding is available, extend operations of Landsat-like Terra/ASTER, EO-1/ALI systems to provide immediate data insurance if L7 fails early Data quality and usefulness, costs well documented USGS already ingests, archives, distributes data

28. 28 Recommendations Near-Term Action Plan U.S. civil agencies coordinate data gap mitigation efforts with U.S. Group on Earth Observations –Correlate with GEOSS-Global Land Observing System Land Use/Land Cover Change elements –Complete detailed planning for International Cooperative GEOSS/GLOS/LULCC Initiative –NASA, NOAA, USGS coordinate on agency-unique capabilities –Develop plan-of-action for the compilation, validation and sharing of global land data sets: 2-yr: complete plans, processes, procedures, models, international agreements, etc. 6-yr: produce 2010 GLOS GeoCover data set (positionally accurate images of the Earth’s land cover, as in 2000 GeoCover product) 10-yr: produce 2015 GLOS GeoCover data set (including OLI data)