1. Distribution and Spatial Interaction Distribution and Spatial Interaction Distribution Distribution – arrangement of feature in space…properties of distribution… o Density: o Density: frequency something occurs Arithmetic Density: Arithmetic Density: total # of objects in an area (i.e. pop density – 340/sq km) Physiological Density: Physiological Density: # of persons per unit of area suitable agric (i.e. can country feed itself?)

2. World Population Density

3. US Population Density

4. Distribution (cont’d.) Concentration: Concentration: feature’s spread over space o Clustered/agglomerated: o Clustered/agglomerated: objects close together o Dispersed/scattered o Dispersed/scattered: objects far apart (see next slide) Pattern: Pattern: geometric arrangement of objects in space (square, rectangle, irregular, etc.)

5. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000 The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.

6. Time Space Convergence Time-space convergence Time-space convergence o The rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication costs o Results from a decrease in the friction of distance as space-adjusting technologies have brought places closer together over time Global and local Shrinking of space has important implications

7. Time-Space Convergence Friction of distance – Tobler’s 1 st Law of Geog: everything is related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things (i.e. distance itself hinders interaction). Leads to distance decay: contact between two places decreases as distance increases

8. Discuss How much is Distance Decay an issue today? Is this something geographers might have to re-think? Quick Write: Quick Write: Think about where people are spaced in the US. Where are they clustered? Why there? Where is it dispersed? Why?

9. Space-Time Compression 1492–1962 The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

10. Spatial Interaction o Complementarity: o Complementarity: we need each other Ex. One area needs houses, other area has the trees for lumber o Transferability: o Transferability: cost involved in moving goods from one place to another Cost Ability to bear the costs Variability Space-Time Compression (see next slide) o Accessibility: o Accessibility: is location accessible? Highways, RR, shipping? Ex: food very expensive in Alaska

11. DIFFUSION Process in which phenomenon (disease, trends, technology, etc.) spread from one place to another over time o Hearth: place of origination o Diff happens quickly today w/ modern technology, communication, transportation o The “S” Curve

13. Types of Diffusion Relocation Diff: 1.) Relocation Diff: spread b/c people move Languages, Money, Aids Expansion Diff: 2.) Expansion Diff: snowball process o A. Hierarchical diff: top down process Fashion, Music o B. Contagious diff: like a wave without regard to hierarchy Diseases, Fads o C. Stimulus diff: spread of underlying principle, even though characteristic itself failed to diffuse Settlers in America – tobacco growers

15. Hierarchical Diffusion

16. Contagious Diffusion

17. Hierarchical and Contagious

18. Stimulus Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion

19. Diff of Culture and Economy MDC to LDC….dominated by N. America, W. Europe, Japan 3 major world cities: NYC, London, Tokyo – key decision makers in many businesses around the globe LDCs in Africa, Asia, LA contain ¾ world population and nearly all of its pop growth, but more and more are on periphery of global investment (core/periphery) Result: uneven development…great disparity